CHESS. 
A « + 
to retire. Although the firft move may not feem of con- 
fequence between equal players, yet a move or two more 
loit after the firft, makes the game fcarcely recoverable. 
Many indifferent playeis think nothing of the pawns, 
whereas three pawns together are ftrong; but four, which 
conftitute a fquare, with the affiftance of other pieces, well 
managed, make an invincible ftrength, and, in all proba¬ 
bility', may produce a queen, when very much wanted. 
It is true, that two pawns, with a fpace between, are no 
better than one; and if there fhould be three over each 
other in a line, the game cannot be in a worfe way. This 
thews the pawns to be of great confequence," provided 
they are kept clofe together. Some players are apt to 
rifque lofmg the game, in order to recover a piece : this 
is an error; for it is much better to give up a piece, and 
attack the enemy in another quarter; by fo doing, the 
player has a chance of thatching a pawn or two from, or 
gaining fome advantage over, the adverfary, whilft his 
attention is taken up in purfuing this piece. 
If the queen and another piece are attacked at the 
fame time, and that by removing the queen, the piece 
mud be loft; if two pieces can be gained in exchange 
for the queen, the queen fhould be given up, it being the 
difference of three pieces, and confequently more than 
the value of the queen. By lofing the queen, the game 
is not thrown into that diforder which it would other- 
wife have been •. in this cafe it is judicious to give the 
queen for a piece, or a pawn or two; it being a well- 
known faff amongft good players, that he who begins the 
attack, ar,d cannot maintain it, being afterwards obliged 
to retire, generally lofes the game. A player fhould never 
be fund of changing without reafon ; becaufe the adver¬ 
fary, if lie is a good player, will ruin his fituation, and 
gain a confiderable advantage over him ; but rather than 
lofe a move, when a player is ftronger than his adverfary, 
it is good play to change, for he thereby increafes his 
ftrength. When the game is almoft drawn to a conclu- 
fion, the player fhould recollect, that his king is a capi¬ 
tal piece, and confequently fhould keep him in motion ; 
by fo doing he generally gets the move, and often the 
game. As the queen, rook, and bifhop, operate at a dif- 
tance, it is not always neceflary in the attack to have 
vhem near the adverfary’s king. If a man can be taken 
with different pieces, the player fhould take his time, 
and confider which of thofe pieces is the heft to take it 
xvith. If a piece can be taken almoft at any time, the 
player fhould not be in a hurry about it, but try to make 
a good move elfewhere before he takes it. A player fhould 
be cautious how he takes his adverfary’s pawn with his 
king,, as it often happens to he a fafeguard to it. 
The laws of the game are: i. If a player touches a 
man, he muft play it; and if he quits it, lie cannot re¬ 
call it. 2. If, by mifhke, or otherwife, a fa He move is 
played, and the adverfary takes no notice of it till lie 
has played his next move, it cannot be recalled by either 
of the parties. 3. If a player milplaces the men, and he 
plays two moves, it is at the option of the adverfary to 
permit him to begin the game or not. 4. If the adver¬ 
fary plays, or difcovers a check to a player’s king, and 
gives no notice of it, the player may let him ftand ftill 
till he does. 5. After the king is moved, a player can¬ 
not caftle. Wc fliall give an example of playing the game 
from Mr. Philidor, whofe celebrity as a chefs-player in 
this, and other countries, is already well known. He 
moves, iff. White. The king’s pawn two fteps. Black. 
The fame,—ad. W. The king’s biftiop at his queen’s bi¬ 
ftiop’s fourth fquare. B. The fame.—3d. W. The queen's 
bifliop’s pawn one move. B. The king’s knight at his 
bifliop’s third fquare.—4th. W. The queen’s pawn two 
moves. B. The pawn takes it.—This pawn is played two 
moves, for t wo very importat reafons ; the firft is, to hin¬ 
der your adverfary’s king’s bifhop to play upon your 
king’s biftiop’s pawn ; and the fecond, to put the ftrength 
of your pawns in the middle of the exchequer, which is 
of great cor,fequence to attain the making of a queen,— 
5th. W. The pawn retakes the pawn.—When you find 
your game in' the prefent fituation, viz. one of your 
pawns at your king’s fourth fquare, and one at your 
queen’s fourth fquare, you muft pufii neither of them be¬ 
fore your adverfary propofes to change one for the other : 
in this cafe you are to pufii forwards the attacked pawn. 
It is to be oblerved, that pawns, when fuftjtined in a 
front line, hinder very much the adverfary’s pieces to 
enter into your game, or take any advantageous poft. 
This rule may ferve for all other pawns thus fituated, 
B. The king’s bifhop at his queen’s knight’s third fquare. 
•—If, inftead of retiring his bifhop, he gives you check 
with it, you are to cover the check with your bifhop, in 
order to retake his bifhop with your knight, in cale lie 
takes your bifhop; your knight will then defend your 
king’s pawn, otherwife unguarded. But probably he will 
not take your biftiop, becaufe a^.gcod playerllrives to 
keep his king’s bifhop as long as poflible.—6th. W. The 
queen’s knight at his bifhop’s third fquare. B. The king 
cattles.—7th. W. The king’s knight at his king’s fecond 
fquare.—You muft not eafily play your knights at your 
bithop’s third fquare, before the bifliop’s pawn has moved 
two fteps, becaufe the knight proves an hindrance to the 
motion of the pav/n. B. The queen’s bifliop’s pawn one 
move.— 8 tli. IV. The king’s bifhop at his queen’s third 
fquare.—Your bifhop retires to avoid being attacked by 
the black queen’s pawn, which would force you to take 
his pawn with your’s; this would very much diminifli the 
ftrength of your game, and fpoil entirely the project al¬ 
ready mentioned, and oblerved in the firit and fecond 
moves. B. The queen’s pawn two moves.—9th. W a The 
king’s pawn one move. B. The king’s knight at his 
king’s fquare.—ioth. W. The queen’s biftiop at his king’s 
third fquare. B. The king’s' bif., op’s pawn one move_ 
He plays this pawn to give an opening to his king’s rook; 
and this cannot be hindered, whether you take his pawn 
or not'.—nth. W. The queen at her fecond fquare.—If 
you fhould take the pawn offered to you, inftead of play¬ 
ing your queen, you would be guilty of a great fault, be¬ 
caufe your royal.pawn would then lofe its line ; whereas, 
if he takes your king’s pawn, that of your queen fup- 
plies the place, and you may afterwards fuftain it with 
that of your king’s bifhop’s pawn : thefe two pawns will 
undoubtedly win the game, becaufe they can now no 
more be feparated without the lofs of a piece, or one of 
them will make a queen, as will be feen by the fequel of 
this game. Moreover, it is of no fma'l conlequence to 
play your queen in that place, for two reafons ; the firft, 
to fiupport and defend your king’s bifliop’s pawn; and, 
fecondly, to fuftain your queen’s biftiop, which being 
taken, would oblige you to retake his biftiop with the 
above-mentioned laft pawn ; and thus your beft pawns 
would have been totally divided, and of courfe the game 
indubitably loft. B. The king’s bifhop’s pawn takes the 
pawn.—He takes the pawn to purfue his project, which 
is to give an opening to his king’s rook, and make it fit 
for aftion.— 12th. W. The queen's pawn retakes it. B. 
The queen’s bifhop at his king’s third fquare.—He plays 
this biftiop to proteft his queen’s pawn, and with a view 
to pufh afterwards that of his queen’s biftiop’s. He might 
have taken your biftiop without prejudice to his fcheme, 
but he chufes rather to let you take his, in order to get 
an opening for liis queen’s rook, though he fuffers to 
have liis knight’s pawn doubled by it; but you are again 
to obferve, that a double pawn is no ways difad vantage - 
ous when furrounded by three or four otherpawns. How¬ 
ever, to avoid criticifm, this will be feen in the back- 
game, beginning from this twelfth move, to which you 
are lent after the party is over; the black biftiop will then 
take your biftiop; it will alfo be fhewn, that, playing well 
on both fides, it will make no alteration in the cafe. The 
king’s pawn, together with the queen’s or the king’s bi¬ 
ftiop’s pawn, well played, and well fuftained, will cer¬ 
tainly win the game.—13th. W. The king’s knight at his 
king’s biftiop’s fourth fquare,—Your king’s pawn being 
as 
