C H R 
'CHRONO'METER, time, and ixer^ov, Gr. mea- 
fure.j An inftrument or machine uied in measuring time ; 
l’uch are dials, clocks, watches, See. The term is, how¬ 
ever, more particularly uied for a kind of clock, fo con¬ 
trived as to meaiure a fmall portion of time with great ex- 
aftnefs, even to the fixteenth part of a fecond ; fuch a one 
was invented by the late ingenious Mr. George Graham ; 
"which is of great ufe for meafuring fmall portions of 
time in aftronomical obfervations, the time of the fall of 
bodies, the velocity of running waters, &c. But long in¬ 
tervals of time cannot be meafured by it with fufficient 
exa&nefs, unlefs its pendulum be made to vibrate in a 
cycloid ; becaufe otherwife it is liable to err confiderably, 
as all clocks are which have (hort pendulums that fwing 
in large arches of a circle. Various other contrivances 
have been in ufe, under the name of chronometers , for the 
purpofe of meafuring time under different circumftances. 
A chronometer of mujiccd tune, or time-table, has like- 
wife been invented; for which fee the article Music. 
CHRO'NOSCOPE, [of Xi ov ^‘> time, and ar.o a 
mark.] The fame as a pendulum to meaiure time. 
CHRU'DIM, a town of Bohemia, and capital of a cir- 
•sle of the fame name; fituated on a river called Cliru- 
dimka ; the circle contains thirty-three towns. It is prin¬ 
cipally remarkable for the great number of filh-ponds, 
and an excellent breed of horfes : ioo miles fouth-eaft of 
.Drefden, and fifty eall of Prague. 
CHRY'SA, in ancient geography, a town of Myfia, on 
the finus Adramyttenus ; extinft in Pliny’s time; it had 
a temple of Apollo Smintheus. Homer. The country of 
the fair Chryfeis, who frit gave rife to the quarrel between 
Agamemnon and Achilles. 
CHRY'SALIS,yi [from gold, becaufe of the 
golden colour in the nymphae of fome infefts.] A term 
formerly uied by naturalifts for aurelia, or the firll ap¬ 
parent change of the maggot of any fpecies of infe£ts into 
a torpid Hate; now called pupa. See Entomology. 
CHRY'SAME, aThelfalian prieftefs of Diana Trivia 
She fed a bull with poilon, which (lie fentto the enemies 
of her country, who ate the flefh, and became delirious, 
and were an eafy conqueft. Poly an. 
CHRYSANTHEMO'IDES. See Osteospermum. 
CMRYSAN'THEMUM,/! [p^gvero;, gold, and av 6 oq, a 
flower.] In botany, a genus of the clafs fyngenelia, order 
polygamia fuperflua, natural order compofitas diofeoi- 
deae. The generic chara&ers are—Calyx : common he- 
mifpherical, imbricate; feales dole incumbent; the in¬ 
terior ones larger by degrees ; the innermoft terminated 
by a parched feale. Corolla: compound radiated; corol¬ 
las hermaphrodite tubular, numerous in the dilk; fe¬ 
males more than twelve in the ray ; proper of the herma¬ 
phrodites funnel-form, five-cleft, patulous, length of the 
calyx; of the females ftrap-lhaped, oblong, ahree-tooth- 
ed. Stamina: in the hermaphrodites, filaments five, ca¬ 
pillary, very Ihort; antheree cylindric, tubular, lhorter 
than the corolla. Piftillum : in the hermaphrodites, germ 
ovate; ltyle filiform, longer than the Itamens; ftigmas 
two, revolute; in the females, germ ovate; ltyle fili¬ 
form, equal with the hermaphrodites; ftigmas two, ob- 
tufe, revolute. Pericarpium : none; calyx unchanged. 
Seed: folitary, oblong, without any pappus. Recepta- 
culum : naked, dotted, convex. —EJJential Character, Ca¬ 
lyx hemifpherical, imbricated; the marginal feales mem¬ 
branaceous ; pappus margined ; receptacle naked. 
Species. I. Leucanthema, with white corollas, i. Chry- 
fanthemum frutefeens, or canary ox-eye : (lirubby, leaves 
fielhy, linear, pinnate-toothed, trifid at the end. Stem 
Ibrubby, near two feet high, dividing into many branches; 
leaves of a greyilh colour, cut into many narrow feg- 
ments; flowers axillary, Handing upon naked peduncles 
fingly, and greatly refembling thole of common chamo¬ 
mile. There is a fucceflion of thefe great part of the year, 
for which this plant is chiefly efteemed. It grows natu¬ 
rally in the Canary Illands. Cultivated in 1699 in the 
Oxford garden. 
C H R 5^7 
2. Chryfanthemum ferotinum, or creeping-rooted chry- 
fanthemum : leaves lanceolate, ferrate at top, acuminate 
at both ends. Root perennial, creeping far under the 
furface. The Hems are ltrong, and three or four feet 
high. The flowers appear in September. 
3. Chryfanthemum atratum, or flelhy-leaved chryfan- 
themum : all the leaves wedge-lhaped, oblong, galhed, 
flefliy. Radical leaves wedge-form, lobed at the tip; 
Item-leaves lanceolate, ferrate ; llem one-flowered ; calyx 
with a dark edge. Halier makes this a variety of the 
fifth fpecies; and Allioni fays, that it fcarcely deferves 
to be diltinguilhed from it. It is found in the paftures 
of the Alps in Swiflerland and Savoy, and in Aullria. 
Perennial. Introduced in 1775, by Pitcairn and Fo- 
thergilh. 
4. Chryfanthemum alpinum, or alpine ox-eye: leaves 
wedge-lhaped, pinnatifid, fegments entire ; Items one- 
flowered. Found in the fouth of France, Swiflerland, the 
Valais, Savoy, about Tubingen, on the Pyrenees, in Ar« 
ragon, &c. perennial. 
5. Chryfanthemum leucanthemum, or common ox-eye, 
or great daily: leaves ftem-clafping oblong, the upper 
ferrate, the lower toothed. Root perennial, fomewhat 
creeping; Item from twelve to eighteen inches and up¬ 
wards, ereft, rigid, angular, at the bottom often purplilh 
and hairy, above naked, Ample, or little branched. Flowers 
terminal, folitary, large, and fliowy. Beeds attenuated to 
the bale, deeply grooved all round, and purplilh black; 
or, according to Linnaeus, black with white ftreaks, and 
a yellow cylindric hollow head : and, as Scopoli fays, ten 
angles. By the accurate Gsertner they are deferibed as 
from ovate inverfely pyramidal or turbinate, at firft fer¬ 
ruginous, beautifully variegated with ten milk-white 
ridges ; but afterwards blackilh, with the ridges pale bay- 
colour ; the top is bald. This fpecies is very common in 
dry meadows and paftures, fometimes on walls, and in 
corn fields; flowering' from May to July, and increafing 
greatly by feed. The f re Hi leaves chewed difeover a 
fweetilh unpleafant tafte, fomewhat like parlley, but not 
hot or biting; they have been recommended in diforders 
of the bread:, both afthmatical apd phthifical, and as diu¬ 
retics, but are now feldom called for. Allioni, however, 
fpeaks with iome refpect of it. The young leaves may be 
eaten in falads; and John Bauhin relates that they ufe 
them for this purpofe at Padua. According to Linnaeus, 
horfes, flieep, and goats, eat it; cows and lwine refufe it. 
Mr. Curtis mentions it as a Angularity, that as fo many- 
beautiful varieties of the common daily are met with in 
almoft every garden, we never fee this plant in a fimilar 
ftate. He has, however, been credibly informed that two 
double varieties of this exift near Air in Scotland. Hal¬ 
ler affirms that the varieties of this plant are innumerable, 
and he mentions feveral; among others one in which the 
florets of the ray are fiftulous : it is highly probable, 
therefore, that culture would produce as many varieties 
of this as the common daily has afforded. Parkinfon 
makes mention of it with double flowers. Bcfides the 
common names of great and ox-eye daify , Dr. Withering 
mentions that the plant is called moon-jlonver, and the 
flowers moons. Gerard gives us the name of maudlin-wort. 
6. Chryfanthemum montanum, or mountain ox-eye : 
bottom leaves fpatulate-lanceolate, ferrate ; upper, linear. 
Perennial; Items many, ereft, Ample, and one flowered, 
but in a ftate of cultivation becoming branched; leaves 
fmooth ; flower only half the fize of the foregoing in its 
wild ftate, but equalling it in cultivation. According to 
Gerard, this is only a variety of the foregoing; and Al¬ 
lioni is of opinion that it is fcarcely different. Upon the 
whole, then, it feems to be only a variety of that mutablfe 
fpecies, arifing from its high fituation. Mr. Miller fays, 
that he received it from Verona, near which place it 
grows in plenty. 
7. Chrylhnthemum graminifolium, or grafs-leaved ox- 
eye : leaves linear; toothed at the end, or the whole 
length. Gouan affirms, that in all the plants which he has 
examined, 
