c n k 
as pofiible in fmall pots filled with light frefh earth, and 
plunged into a good hot-bed of tanners’ bark. If the 
feeds are good, and the bed in a proper temperature of 
warmth, the plants will appear in five or fix weeks,, and 
in about two months after will be ftrong enough to tranf- 
piant; in doing which, the plants, with all the earth, * 
fliould be fhaken out of the pots very carefully, and fepa- 
rated with their roots entire, and each planted into a (in¬ 
gle fmall pot filled with frefh rich earth, and plunged 
again into -a hot-bed of tanners’ bark, watering and 
(hading them until they have taken frefh root. If the hot¬ 
bed in which thefe plants are plunged,* is from time to 
time ftirred, and a little frefh tan added to it, to renew 
the heat' ■when it declines, the plants will make good 
progrefs, and in three or four months will be near a foot 
high, and may then be fliifted into pots fomewhat larger 
than thole they before were in. The chief care they re¬ 
quire, is to keep them conflantly in a proper degree of 
heat, and never to put them into too large pots; and in 
winter they fhould not have too much water, about twice 
a-week will be often enough to water them; and in the 
depth of winter they fliould not'have much at a time. It 
is (aid, that they are frequently propagated in the Weft 
Indies, by planting their branches 5 but we have not 
heard of their being propagated in England by that me¬ 
thod. Sep Jacquinia and Sideroxylon. „ 
CHRYSOPCE'A, f. [from ^pocoq, gold, and Trout;, to 
make.] Tranfmutation, or the art of converting the 
bafer metals into gold. 
CHRYSOPRA'SE, f . [cbtyfoprafus, Lat. ^pvo-ou Gr. 
gold, and prajinus, green.] A precious ftone of a yellow 
colour, approaching to green.—The ninth a topaz, the 
tenth a chryfoprafus. Rev. See Mineralogy. 
CHRYSOSPLE'NIUM, f. [from xpvo-os, gold, and 
cttA-/ n, the fpleen 5 on account of the golden colour of _ 
the flowers, and the fuppofed virtue of the plant in dif- 
eafes of the fpleen.] Golden Saxifrage ; in botany, a 
genus of the clafs decandria, order digynia, natural order 
of fuccuientae. The generic characters are—Calyx : pe- 
riantliium four or five parted, fpreading, coloured, per¬ 
manent; divifions ovate, the- oppofite ones narrower. 
Corolla : none, unlefs the coloured calyx be called fo. 
Stamina: filaments eight or ten, tubulate, ereCt, very 
fhort, placed in an angular receptacle; anthers; Ample. 
Piftillum : germ inferior, ending in two fubulate ftyles, 
the length of the ftamens 5 ftigmas obtufe. Pericarpium: 
capfule two-beaked, two-parted, one-celled, two-valved, 
iurrounded with the green calyx. Seeds : very many, 
very fmall.— E£ential Charafter. Calyx, four or-five-cleft, 
coloured; corolla, none; capfule, two-beaked, one-celled, 
many-feeded. 
Species. 1. Chryfofplenium alternifolium, or alternate- 
leaved golden faxifrage: leaves alternate. This is fo 
much larger in all refpefls than the fecond fpecies, that 
it may eafily be diftinguifhed. Several modern botanifts 
affirm, that the terminating flower, as well as the fide 
ones, is generally four-cleft, and has eight ftamens : others 
even infill that it is always fo ; and accordingly have re¬ 
moved this genus into the clafs oCtandria. Grows in 
moift fliady places, and by the-fides of rivulets, in Lap- 
land, Sweden, Denmark, Germany, Swifferland, Car- 
niola, Italy, Siberia, Japan ; and with us in Britain, with 
the fecond fpecies, but not fo common: as near Bingley, 
and about Efliolt, eight miles from Leeds, in Yorkfliire; 
Porland-heath, near Norwich ; in Worcefterfhire ; and in 
Scotland. A black boggy foil, by rills in wet woods, is 
the favourite fituation of .this plant. 
2. Chryfofplenium oppofitifolium, or oppofite-leaved 
golden faxifrage: leaves oppofite. Linnaeus almolt doubts 
whether this be a diftinbt fpecies. According to late ob- 
fervations, the terminal flower of this fpecies alfo has 
rarely more than four divifions of the calyx, and eight 
ltamens; fome'fay never, but others affirm that they have 
feen five divifions, and ten ftamens,. Dr. Withering has 
Sometimes obferved only fix or feven. Mr. Woodward 
Vol. IV. No. 2 20 g 
, C H U -573 
affirms, that both fperies in Britain are truly oflandrous; 
that in April, 1785, he examined great numbers of both 
in their native places of growth, and did not find a Angle 
primary flower decandrous; that the calyx has four di¬ 
vifions,, in which four of the ftamens.are placed, and the 
other four in the center of .each fegment; fo that the 
flower cannot be decandrous, unlefs the calyx has'acci¬ 
dentally five divifions. This is found in like places with 
the other, in Denmark, Holland, Swifferland, Germany: 
with us it is much more common ; as on Hampftead.- 
heath ; in the boggy part of Charlton-wood ; Polingland- 
heath, near Norwich; Selborne, Hants, &c. Thefe flower 
in April, or early in May, and ripen their feeds in May 
or June j they are perennial. 
Propagation and Culture. If any perfon has curiofity to 
cultivate thefe plants in a garden, they nuift be planted 
in very moift fhady places, otherwife they will not thrive. 
They fucceed belt in pots filled with bog earth, fet in a 
pan of water, and placed under the (hade of a wall or 
hedge. 
CHRY'SOSTOM (St.), a celebrated patriarch of Con¬ 
stantinople, and one of the moft admired fathers' of the 
Chriftian church, was born of a noble family at Antioch, 
about the year 347. He ftudied rhetoric under Libavius, 
artd plulofophy under Andragathus; after which he fpent 
fome time in folitnde in the mountains near Antioch ; 
but the aufterities he endured having impaired his health, 
he returned to Antioch, where he was ordained deacon 
by Meletius. Flavian, Meletius’s fircceflbr, raifed him 
to the office of prefbyter five years after; when he diftin¬ 
guifhed himfelf fo greatly by his eloquence, that he ob¬ 
tained the furname of Golden Mouth. N.edtaiius, patriarch 
ot Conftantinople, dying in 397, St. Chryfoltcm, whole 
fame was fpread throughout the whole empire, was chofen 
in his room. The emperor Arcadius confirmed his elec¬ 
tion, and caufed him to leave Antioch privately, where 
the people were' very unwilling to part with him. He 
w’as ordained bifliop in February 398 ; when he obtained, 
an order from the emperor agaihlt the Eunomians and 
Montanifts ; reformed the abuies which fubfifted amongil 
his clergy; retrenched a great part of the expences in 
which his predeceffors had lived, in order to enable him 
to feed the poor and build hofpitals, and preached with 
the.utmoft zeal againft the pride, luxury, and avarice, of 
the great. But this pious liberty of fpeech procured him 
many powerful enemies. He differed with Theophilus of 
Alexandria, who got him depofed and banilhed; but he 
was loon recalled. After this, declaiming againft the de¬ 
dication of a ftatue erefted to the emprefs, file banifhed 
him into Cucufus in Armenia, a molt barren unhofpi- 
table place; afterwards, as they were removing him from 
Petyus, the foldiers treated him fo roughly, that he died 
by the way, A. D. 407. The beft edition of his works is 
tfiat publifhed at Paris in 1718, by Montfaucon. 
CHRYSUL'CA, f. [from xpuo-oc, gold, and tXy.oi, to 
draw.] A water with which refiners wadi gold off when 
mixed with other metals; aqua fortis ; alio a chemical 
liquor which diflolves gold. 
CHTHCVNIA, a furname of Ceibs, from a temple built 
to lmr by Chthonia, at Hermione. She had a feftival 
there called by the fame name, and celebrated every Trim¬ 
mer. During- the celebration, the priefts of the goddefs 
march in proceifion, accompanied by the magiftrates, and 
a crowd of women and boys in white apparel, with gar¬ 
lands of flowers on their heads. Behind is dragged an 
uptamed heifer, juft taken from the herd. • When they 
come to the temple, the viftim is let looie, and four bid 
women, armed with fcythes, facrifice the heifer, and kill 
her by cutting her throat. A fecond, a third, and a 
fourth, vidtim, is in a like manner di(patched by the. old 
women; and it is obfervable, that they all fall on the 
fame fide. Paufanias. 
CHU-LAN,/. in botany. SeejCuLORANTiius. 
CHU-SAJSf, tile fiiit 'port-town, fituated in art ifland, 
on the eaftern coalt g>f China, approached by the (hips of 
7 G the' 
