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To CI'PHER. r v. n. To pradlife arithmetic •. 
You have been bred to bufinefs ; you can cipher ; 
I wonder you never ufed your pen and ink. Arbuthnol, 
To CITHER, <v. a. To write in occult chara&ers.—He 
frequented fermons, and penned notes: his notes he 
ciphered with Greek chara&ers. Hayward. 
CIPIE'RES, a town of France, in the department of 
the Var: ten miles north of GrafTe. 
CITOLIN, f. a fpecies of marble. The cipolin from 
Rome is a green marble with white zones; it gives fire 
with (feel, though difficultly. One hundred parts of it 
contain 67-8 of mild calcareous earth, 23 of quartz, 8 of 
Ihiftus, o’z of iron, befides the iron contained in the Ihif- 
tus. The cipolin from Autun contains 83 parts mild cal¬ 
careous earth, 12 of green mica, and one of iron. 
CIP'PUS, a noble Roman, who, as he returned home vic¬ 
torious, was told that if he entered the city he mult reign 
there. Unwilling to enflave his country, he affembled the 
lenate without the walls, and baniffied himfelf for ever 
from the city, and retired to live upon a fingle acre of 
ground. 
CIP'SELA, a town of European Turkey, in the pro¬ 
vince of Romania: twenty-four miles north-north-weft 
of Gallipoli. 
CIR'CADA,/. A tribute anciently paid to the bilhop 
or archdeacon for vifiting the churches. 
CIRCJE'A,/. [from the famous enchantrefs Circe.'] In 
botany, a genus of the clafs diandria, order monogynia, 
natural order aggregate. The generic characters are— 
Calyx : perianthium two-leaved ; leaflets ovate, concave, 
deflected, deciduous. Corolla: petals two, obcordate, ge¬ 
nerally Ihorter than the calyx, lpreading, equal. Stamina : 
filaments two, capillary, ereft, the length of the calyx ; 
antherse roundifti. Piitillum : germ turbinate, inferior; 
ftyle filiform, the length of the ftamens; Itigma obtufe, 
emarginate. Pericarpium : capfule turbinate-ovate, hif- 
pid, two-celled, two-valved, opening from the bafe to¬ 
wards the top. Seeds : folitarv, oblong, narrower at the 
bottom.— EJfential Cbarafter. Corolla, two-petalled ; ca¬ 
lyx, two-leaved, fuperior; feed, one, two-celled. 
Species. 1. Circasa lutetiana, or common enchanter’s 
nightftiade : ftem eredt; racemes many ; leaves ovate. 
Root perennial, creeping, toothed; the whole plant pu- 
befcent; Items from twelve to eighteen inches in height 
and more, eredt, round, villofe, or fmooth, feldom hairy; 
the joints dwelled, and fometimes purpliffi, branching; 
leaves oppofite, petioled, fubcordate, pointed, even, vein¬ 
ed, paler underneath, about two inches long, and an inch 
broad ; or ovate, fublerrnte, opake, as Linnaeus ; -or ellip¬ 
tic, fubvillofe, entire, as Scopoli; or cordate-ovate, acu¬ 
minate, as Dr. Stokes defcribes them ; a little woolly, as 
Dr. Withering; flightly hairy on the margin, as Light- 
foot 5 or fmooth, as Pollich affirms; fometiqaes reddifti, 
and toothed on the edge; or betwixt toothed and ferrate, 
the points being diredted towards the end of the leaf, 
but the margin between the points hollowed out, accord¬ 
ing to Dr. Stokes; entire, waved or ferrated, and cili¬ 
ated, according to Haller; flowers in Ample racemes on 
tire tops of the branches, both terminating and lateral; 
frequently folitary; fometimes more than forty flowers in 
a raceme. It may be prefumed, from the difagreement of 
authors in their defcription of this plant, that it is fub- 
jedf to variation. It is not uncommon in Ihady lanes and 
orchards, under moift hedges and walls, and in woods, 
flowering in July and Auguft. The feeds Itick by their 
little hooks to any thing that palfes; and, according to 
Boerhaave, this circumftance gave occafion to the name, 
the fruit laying hold on the clothes of paffengers, and 
drawing them to it, as Circe was fabled to do by her en¬ 
chantments. It is a weed frequently in gardens, and not 
very eafily deftroyed, the roots being creeping. Sheep, 
however, are faid to eat it; and, though it has not found 
its way into the difpenfatories,.yet it is efteemed very de-~ 
C I R 
terlive, andis recommended by Chomel againft the piles, 
ufed both outwardly in a cataplafm, and inwardly in an 
infufion. 
2. Circsea alpina, or mountain enchanter’s nightlhade: 
ftem proftrate ; raceme fingle ; leaves cordate. Linnaeus 
doubts whether this be a diftindt fpecies from the firft. 
Scopoli and moft others have no doubt of their being 
fpecifically different; and Haller relates that it does not 
become like the foregoing, and that it is no variety. Ac¬ 
cording to Scopoli, the-Specific difference does not confift 
in an afcer.ding Stem, a fingle raceme, or a coloured ca¬ 
lyx, but in the form, fmoothnefs, and toothed edge,of the 
leaves. Grimm remarked feveral racemes on one plant. 
Linnaeus remarks, that the Item is proltrate, Scarcely a 
finger's length; leaves cordate, toothed, fliining; calyx 
coloured, as is the corolla. And Mr. Woodward, that 
the raceme is generally one, but that fometimes there are 
two or three; leaves of a yellower green ; and the plant 
fometimes fix inches high. It differs from the foregoing 
according to Haller and Krocker, in having a decumbent 
ftem, more tender and fmooth, lei's, and Scarcely ever more 
than a Span in height; leaves gloffy, more deeply cut, 
more evidently cordate, and notched at the petiole; the 
calyx redder; and the racemes Ample. The whole plant 
Seems to be fmooth, (mailer, and of a more delicate tex¬ 
ture than the common fpecies, leldom branching, the ftem 
ufually reclining towards the bottom. Linnseus allows it 
only a fingle raceme, others give it two or three, and even 
five, Haller affirms that it has even more than the com¬ 
mon fort. Grows in rocky woods in Lapland, Sweden, 
Denmark, Swifferland, on mount Scheidegg, Carniola, 
Silefia, Piedmont, See. with us about Leeds and Halifax 
in Yorkffiire, in Lancaffiire, Weftmoreland, Cumberland, 
and Scotland. Mr. Miller found it growing wild in the 
wood near the Hague. 
Propagatiojz and Culture. Thefe plants multiply ex¬ 
ceedingly by their creeping roots, and are therefore fel¬ 
dom kept in gardens. If the roots be planted in any 
Ihady moift part of a garden, they will increafe faft enough 
without any care. 
CIR'CAR, a name given in Hindooftan to a trad! of 
country, which is not very diffimilar to the term county 
in England, few of them being of lefs extent than the 
largeft Englilh county. 
CIR'CARS (Northern), thefe are fiye circars, lying to 
the north of the Carnatic, or Madras : Cicacole, Conda- 
pilly, Eilore, Rajamundry, and Guntoor; the firft four 
are in the hands of the Englilh, the latter belongs to the 
Nizam. The firft four occupy the fea coaft, from the 
Chilka lake on the confines of Cattack, to the northern 
bank of the Kiftnah river, forming, comparatively, a long 
narrow flip of country, 330 miles long, and from twenty 
to feventy five wide. The nature of the country is Such 
as to be eafily defenfible againft an Indian enemy, it hav¬ 
ing a barrier of mountains and extenfive forelts on one 
fide, and the fea on the other; the extremities only be¬ 
ing open. Its greateft defeft is in point of relative fitua- 
tion to Bengal and Madras ; it being 350 Britilh miles 
from the firft, and 250 from the latter; fo that the troops 
deftined to protedl it, cannot be haftily called on any preff- 
ing fervice that may arife at either prefidency. The cir¬ 
cars, in point of ftriflnefs, appertain partly to Golconda 
(or the Deccan) and partly to Oriffa ; and are held of the 
Nizam, on condition of paying him a ftipulated quit-rent. 
When the French took poffeffion of the five circars in 1753, 
they were valued at about forty-three lacks of rupees per 
annum. The Englilh never poffefled Guntoor, which was 
eftimated at near feven lacks of the above fum; fo that 
thirty-fix lacks (360,0001.) (hould be taken for the true 
value of the Englilh poffeffion in the circars. In 1784, 
they were reckoned to produce about that fum. The 
manufa&ures of the circars are various; the different 
kinds of cotton, the muffins of Chicacole, the beautiful 
woollen carpets of Eilore, and filks of Burrampore, made 
from 
