C I T 
thefe have been well executed, the trees have made great 
progre/s in their growth, and produced a much larger 
quantity of fruit, which have ripened fo well, as to be 
extremely good for eating. If thefe are .planted either 
again ft walls with defign of training the branches to the 
walls, or in borders at a fmall diftance, fo as to train them 
up as ltandards, there fliould be a contrivance of a fire¬ 
place or two, in proportion to the length ot the wall, 
and flues carried the whole length of the wall, to warm 
the air in very cold weather, otherwife it will be very dif¬ 
ficult to preferve the trees in very hard winters alive'; or, 
if they do live through the winter, they will be fo much 
weakened by the cold, as not to be recovered the follow- 
ing furnmer to a proper ftrength for bearing; fo that, 
wherever the trees are intended to be placed again ft or 
near old walls, the flues fliould be built up again ft the 
front, allowing four inches thicknefs of the brick-work 
on each tide the flues, obferving to fallen this with irons, 
at proper diltances, to fecure it from leparating from the 
old wall. Where this contrivance is made, there will be 
no hazard of loling the trees, be the winter ever fo fevere, 
with a little proper care; whereas, if this is wanting, 
there will require great care and trouble to cover and un¬ 
cover the glaffes every day, when there is any fun ; and, 
if the wall is not thicker than they are ufually built, the 
fro ft will penetrate through the walls in fevere winters; 
fo that covering and fecuring the glaffes of the front will 
not be fufficient to preferve the trees, be it done with 
ever fo much care; therefore the firlt expence of the 
walls will faye great trouble and charge, and be the le- 
cureft method. 
If the ground is wet, or of a ftrong clay, fo as to de¬ 
tain the moiiture, the borders fliould be railed above the 
level of the ground, in proportion to the iituation of the 
piace ; for where the wet lies in winter near the furface, 
it will greatly prejudice, if not totally deftroy, the trees; 
fo that lime-rubbifh fliould be laid at leaft tv\o feet thick 
in the bottom of the border, to drain off the wet; and the 
earth fliould be laid two and a half or three feet thick 
thereon, which will be a fufficient depth for the roots of 
the trees. In thele borders there may be a few roots of 
the Guernfey and belladonna lilies and haemanthus plant¬ 
ed, or any other exotic bulbous-rooted flowers, which 
do not grow high, or draw too much nourilhment from 
the borders ; and thefe, producing their flowers in autumn 
or winter, will make a good appearance, and thrive much 
better than if kept in pots. 
The China, dwarf orange, fliaddock, and thofe with 
ftriped leaves, are all more tender than the Seville orange, 
and therefore muft be treated with more care, and placed 
in a warmer part of the green-houfe in winter. The China 
orange rarely produces good fruit in England, nor are 
the leaves of the tree near fo large or beautiful as-thole 
of the Seville orange ; the latter, therefore, fliould be pre¬ 
ferred, and only a tree or two of the China fort kept for 
variety. 
CIT'TA CASTELLA'NA, a town of Italy,'in the 
ftate of the church, and patrimony of St. Peter, once 
the fee of a bifliop, united with Orta : twenty-three miles 
north of Rome. 
CIT'TA di CASTEL'LO, a town of Italy, in the 
ftate of the church, and province of Umbria, fituated on 
the Tiber, the fee of a bifliop, immediately under.the 
pope ; it contains ten churches, and a great number of 
convents : twenty-three miles louth-welt of Urbino, and 
Jiinety-feven north of Rome. 
CIT'TA DUCALE, a town of Italy, in the kingdom 
of Naples, and province of Abruzzo Ultra, founded in 
the year 1308, by.Robert duke-of Calabria, and nearly 
ruined by an earthquake in the year 1703. It is the fee 
of a bifliop, immediately under the pope : eighteen miles 
weft o'f Aquiln. 
CIT'TA NUO'VA, a town of Iftiia: feven miles fouth 
of Umago. 
CIT'TA. della PIEVE, a town of Italy, in the pro* 
C I T 631 
vince of Perugia, the fee of a bifliop: eighteen miles weft 
of Perugia, and fixty-eiglit north of Rome. 
CIT'TA del SOLE, a town of Italy, in the duchy of 
Tufcany, built in the year 1565 by Colino I. duke of 
Tufcany: fixteen miles fouth-foutii-weft of Ravenna. 
CITTADEL'L A, a fea-port town of the illand of Mi¬ 
norca, with a good harbour on the north-weft coaft, lur- 
rounded with walls and baftions. It contains two churches 
and four convents, and 600 houfes. Lat.40. 2.N. Ion. 
20.33.E. Peak of Teneviffe. 
CIPTADEL'LA, a town of Italy, in the Paduan: 
nineteen miles north-north-weft of Padua. 
CITTADEL'LA, a town of Italy, in the Paduan, near 
the Brenta, between Vicenza and Trevigno. 
CITTOWI'ANY, a town of Samogita : ten miles north 
of Rofienne. 
CI'TY, f. [cite, Fr. ci-vitas, Lat.] A large collection of 
houfes and inhabitants.—Men feek fafety from numbers 
better united, and from walls and fortifications, the ufe 
whereof is to make the few a match for the many : this is 
the original of cities. Temple. — City, in a ft rift fenfe, means 
the houfes inclofed within the walls: in a larger fenfe, it 
reaches to all the fuburbs. Watts. —The inhabitants of a 
certain city, as diftinguiftied from other fubjefts: 
I do fufpefl I have done fotne offence, 
That feems dilgracious in the city's eye. Sbakefpeare. 
According to Cowel, a city is a town corporate, which 
hath a bifliop and cathedral church, which is called 
ci-vitas, oppidum, and urbs: ci-vitas, in regard it is go¬ 
verned by juitice and order of niagiltracy ; oppidum, for 
that it contains a great number of inhabitants; and urbs, 
becaule it is in due form begirt about with walls. But 
Crompton, in his Jurifdiftions, where lie reckons up 
the cities, leaves out Ely, although it hath a bilhop and 
cathedral church; and puts in Wellminfter, though it 
hath not a bifliop : and fir Edward Coke makes Cambridge 
a city, yet there is no mention that it was ever an epif- 
copal fee. Indeed it appears by ftat. 35 Hen. VIII. c, 10. 
that there was a bifliop of Weftminfter; fince which, in 
ftat. 17 Eliz. c. 5, it is termed a city or borough ; and, not- 
withltanding what Coke obferves of Cambridge, in.ftat. 
II Hen. VII. c. 4, Cambridge is called only a town. King¬ 
doms have been faid to contain as many cities as they 
have fees of archbifliops and bifiiops ; but, according to 
Blount, city is a word which hath obtained fince the con- 
queft ; for 111 the time of the Saxons there were no cities, 
but all great towns were called burghs, and even London 
was then lliled London-bouvg, as the capital of Scotland 
is now called Edinburgh. And long after the conqueft 
the word city is ufed promifeuoufly with the word burgh, 
as in the charter of Leicelter it is called both civitas and 
burgus ; which fliews that thofe writers were miftaken that 
tell us every city was or is a bifliop’s fee. And, though 
the word city fignifies with us fuch a town corporate as 
hath ufually a bifliop and cathedral church, yet it is not 
always fo. 
A city, fays Blackftone, is a town incorporated, which 
is or hath been the fee of a bifhop ; and though the 
biflioprick be diflolved, as at Weftminfter, yet ftiil it re- 
maineth a city. 1 Comm. 114. It appears, however, that 
Wellminfter retained the name-of city, not becaule it bad 
been a bifliop’s fee, but becaufe it was exprefsly created 
fuch, in the letters-patent by king Henry VIII. ereciling it 
into a biflioprick. See Burnet's Reform. Apdx. There was a 
limilar claufe in favour of the other five new-created cities, 
Chefter, Peterborough, Oxford, Gloucelter, and Brillol; 
the charter for Chefter is in Gib. Cod. 1449; an d that for 
Oxford in 14 Ryrn. Feed. 754. Lord Coke Items anxious 
to rank Cambridge among the cities. Mr. Wooddefon, 
late Vinerian profeflor, has produced.! decilive authoiity 
that cities and bilhops’ fees had not originally any nece!-'. 
fary confieftion with each other. It is that of Ingulplius, 
who relates, that at the great council aflembled in 1072, 
to fettle the claim of precedence between the two arch- 
bilhops, 
