C L E 
CLEG ; HORN (George), born at Granton, near Edin¬ 
burgh, in December 17x6. His father died in 1719, and 
left a widow and five children. George who was the 
youngelt fon, was fent to the univerfity of Edinburgh, 
where, to a Angular proficiency in the languages, he ad¬ 
ded a> cor.fiderable flock of mathematical knowledge. In 
17,31, he refolved to ftudy phyfic and furgery, and had the 
advantage of being placed under the late Dr. Alexander 
Monro, a name that will be revered in that univerfity as 
long as fcience fhall be cheriflied and cultivated. For 
five years he continued to profit by the inftrudlion and ex¬ 
ample of his excellent mailer, affifting at the difletfions in 
the anatomical theatre ; at the fame time he attended lec¬ 
tures in botany, materia medica, chemiftry, and the theory 
and pradiice of medicine; and by extraordinary diligence 
he attracted the notice of all his preceptors. On Dr. Fo- 
thergilFs arrival from England at this univerfity, in 1773, 
I)r. Cleghorn was introduced to his acquaintance, and 
foon became his infeparable companion. Their moments 
of relaxation were Ipent in a feledt fociety of fellow-ltu- 
dents, of which Fothergill, Ruffe], and Cuming, were af- 
fociates ; a fociety fmce incorporated under the name of 
The Royal Medical Society of Edinburgh. 
Early in 1736, when young Cleghorn had fcarcely en¬ 
tered into his twentieth year, he was appointed furgeon 
In the-22d regiment of foot, then flationed in Minorca, 
under the command of general St. Clair. During a refi- 
dence of thirteen years in that ifland, whatever time could 
be fpared from attending the duties of his flation, he em¬ 
ployed either in inveftigating the nature of epidemic dif- 
eafes, or in gratifying the paflion he early imbibed for 
anatomy, frequently differing human bodies, and thofe 
of apes, which he procured from Barbary, and comparing 
their ftrufture with the defcriptions of Galen and Vefa- 
lius. In 1749 he left Minorca, and went to Ireland with 
the 2zd regiment; and in autumn 1750 he came to Lon¬ 
don, and, during his publication of “ The Difeafes of 
Minorca,” attended Dr. Hunter’s anatomical le&ures. In 
this work Dr. Cleghorn recommends acefcent vegetables 
in low, remittent, and putrid, fevers; and the early and 
copious exhibition of bark, which had been interdi&ed 
from miftaken fadts, deduced from falfe theories. In 1751 
he fettled in Dublin; and, in imitation of Monro and 
Hunter, gave annual courfes of anatomy. A few years 
after his.coming to Dublin he was admitted into the uni¬ 
verfity as le&urer in anatomy. In 17S4, the college of 
phylicians eletled him an honorary member ; and from 
ledturer in anatomy he was made profelfor ; and had like- 
wife the honour of being one of the original members of 
the Irifli academy for promoting arts and fciences, which 
is now eftablifhed by royal authority. In 1777, when the 
Royal Medical Society was eftablilhed at Paris, he was 
nominated a fellow of it. He died univerfally and fin- 
cerely regretted by all who knew him, in December 1789. 
CLEGUEREC', a town of France, in the department 
of the Morbihan, and chief place of a canton, in the dif- 
trift of Pontivy : two leagues north-weft of Pontivy. 
CLEIDOMASTOIDE'US, [from xAeX^*, the clavi¬ 
cle, and pcifotifrciioc, the malloideus mulcle.] A mufcle, 
which arifes in the clavicle, and is inferred into the maf- 
tffid procefs. See Anatomy. 
CLEISA / GRA,-[from xAsi;, the clavicle, and ay^ct, a 
prey.] The gout in the articulation of the clavicles.' 
CLE'LAND (John), fon of colonel Cleland, that cele¬ 
brated fictitious member of the Spectator’s Club, whom 
Steele defcribes under the name of Will. Honeycombe. 
He was early in life fent as conful to Smyrna, where, per¬ 
haps, he firft imbibed thofe loofe principles which, in his 
Memoirs of a Woman of Pleafure, are fo dangeroufly 
exemplified. On his return from Smyrna, he went to the 
Ealt Indies; but, quarrelling with fome of the members 
of the preiidency of Bombay, he made a precipitate re¬ 
treat from the Eaft, with little or no benefit to his for¬ 
tunes. Being without profeffion, or ary fettled means of 
fubfiftence, be foon fell into difficulties 5 a prifon and its 
Vol, IV. No, 227, 
C L E 649 
miferies were the confbquences. In this fituation, one of 
thofe bookfellers, who difgrace the profeffion, offered him 
a temporary relief for writing the work above alluded to, 
which brought a ftigma on his name, that time can never 
obliterate. The fum given for the copy was twenty 
guineas; the fum received for the fale has been efti- 
mated at no lefs than io,oool. For this publication he 
was called before the privy council; and the circum- 
ftance of his diftrefs being known, as well as his being a 
man of refpedtable family, John earl Granville, the then 
prefident, nobly refcued him from the like temptation, 
by getting him a penfion of 100I. a-year, which he en¬ 
joyed to his death, and which had fo much the defined 
effect, that, except the Memoirs of a Coxcomb, which 
has fome fmack of diffipated manners, and the Man of 
Honour, written as an amende honorable for his former 
exceptionable book, be dedicated the reft of his life to 
political and philosophical ftudies. He died January 23, 
1789, at-the advanced age of eighty-two. 
CLE'MA, f. in antiquity, a twig of the vine, which 
ferved as a badge of the centurion’s office. 
CLE'MATIS,/. [from xA^/xa, a tendril; becaufe it 
climbs trees, by means of its pliant twigs, like thofe of 
the vine.] In botany, a genus of the clafs polyandria, order 
polygynia, natural order multifiliquse. ' The generic cha¬ 
racters are—Calyx : none. Corolla : petals four, oblong, 
lax. Stamina : filaments very many, fubulate, fliorter 
than the corolla ; antherse growing to the fide of the fila¬ 
ments. Piftillum : germs very many, roundifh, compreff- 
ed, ending in fubulate ftyles, longer than the ftamens 5 
ftigmas fimple. Pericarpium : none ; receptacle headed, 
fmall. Seeds : very many, roundifh, compreffed, furniffied 
with the ftyle, in various forms.— EJfent'ial Cbarader. Ca¬ 
lyx,.none; petals, four, fometimes five, or even fix; feeds, 
having a tail. 
Species. 1. Clematis cirrhofa, or evergreen virgin's 
bower: leaves fimple; Item climbing by oppofite tendyils j 
peduncles one-flowered, lateral. This has a climbing 
lialk, rifing to the height of eight or ten feet, fending out 
branches from every joint, whereby it becomes a very 
thick bufhy plant; leaves fometimes Angle, fometimes 
double, frequently ternate, ferrate. According to Lin¬ 
naeus, they are ufually fimple,’petioled, ovate, feveral to¬ 
gether from the fame joint; they keep their verdure all 
the year; the tendrils come out oppofite to the leaves; 
the flowers are produced from the fide of the branches, 
they are large, of an herbaceous colour, and under each 
is a remote, hemifpheric, minute, calycle : they appear at 
the end of December, or beginning of January. It grows 
naturally in Spain, where it was obferved by Clufius in 
1565. In 1596 it was cultivated by Gerarde, who calls 
it traveller's joy of Candia. Johnfon names it better. Spa- 
nijh traveller's joy ; and Parkinfon, Spanijh wild dimer. 
2. Clematis viticella, or purple virgin’s bower: leaves 
compound and decompound ; leaflets ovate, fublobed, 
quite entire. Stems very flender and weak, having many 
joints, whence come out fide branches, which are again 
divided into fmaller. If thefe be fupported, they will 
rife to the height of eight or ten feet; the leaves branch 
out into many divifions, each having a flender foot-llaik, 
with three oval entire leaflets; four foot-ftalks generally 
arife from the fame joint, two on each fide ; the two lower 
have three of thefe divifions, fo that they are qompofed of 
nine leaflets; but the two upper have only two oppofite 
leaves on each, and between thefe arife three flender pe¬ 
duncles, each fupporting one flower. According to Lin¬ 
naeus, the lower leaves' are cordate, the middle three- 
lobed, the upper pinnate, the floral leaves ovate ;■ petals 
deciduous, deltoid, very obtufe, thinner on the iides; 
they are of a dark worn-out purple, or blue, or bright 
purple, or red. It grows naturally in the woods of Spain 
and Italy; and was cultivated m 1569 by Mr. Hugh 
Morgan. Gerarde calls it “ blue or red-flowering ladies 
bower,” from its aptnefs to make bowers or arbours in 
gardens. There are four varieties cultivated in the nurfe- 
2 C ries. 
