6q 2 c L U 
and the Mediterranean; hence it was known to the 
Greek's and Romans. They leave the depths of the open 
fea, and come on the (Itores aqd fmoo.th places to fpawn ; 
where they are caught in great quantities, front Decem¬ 
ber to March, in Provence, Brabant, and Catalonia. 
They are alfo taken in May, June, and July, near Gi¬ 
braltar, and about Genoa, Venice, Rome,'and Baydnne : 
they filh for them at night with a light. The intelfinal 
canal has a double finuoiity, and at its origin has about 
eighteen appendices. The gall-bladder is large ; the 
other inteftines are like the relt of the genus. There are 
thirty-two ribs on each fide ; and the vertebra; are forty- 
fix in number. 
5. Clupea cyprinoides, the deep-water fifti: fpecific 
chara&er, the laft ray of the dorfal fin very long, and the 
anal fin pickle-fliaped. The pedforal fin has fifteen rays, 
the ventral ten, the anal twenty-five, the tail thirty, the 
dorfal feyenteen. The body is comprefied, and covered 
with large fcales; but the head, which is broad at top 
and (harp below, has none. The lower jaw is bent, and 
exceeds the upper in length : there are teeth in both. 
The bones of the iips are broad, and ftrongly bent; the 
aperture of the mouth is wide, with an oblique direction 
upwards; the tongue is loofe and rough; the palate is 
armed infront with three arched rows of teeth, and in the 
throat;are four bones ragged like a file. The noftrils are 
double, and very near the eyes, which have a black pupil 
and filvery iris, and are covered with a membrane. The 
aperture of the gills is wide, and the membrane is cover¬ 
ed in part. The rays of the fins are flexible and branch¬ 
ed, except the firft of each, which is fingle ; the peftoral 
and dorfal fins are fcaly at their origin. The head, fides; 
and belly, are filvery ; the back and fins bluifli. This 
fpecies is found in the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic, 
and in the rivers and lakes which correfpond therewith. 
Dr. Solander found it in November in the Rio Janario at 
Brazil, where it is called camaripuguacu ; Forlter faw it 
in Auguft in a (fill water at Tanna, an ifland in the Paci¬ 
fic Ocean ; Plunder made a drawing of it at the Antilles ; 
it is common alfo at the Caribbee Iflands, where the Eng- 
lifh call it deep-water fijb, and potid king-jijh ; at Tranque- 
bar it has the name o \ tnarakay, and among the Otahei- 
teans apalika. Marcgrave aflerrs that it grows twelve feet 
long, and as thick as a man ; the mouth opens lo wide, 
that a man’s head may be ealiiy thruft into it; he adds, 
that the eyes and fcales of a iifti of this fize are as big as 
a crown piece; that it is fat, but yet the flefh is hard, fo 
that only the young ones are eaten ; and that it is very full 
of bones. From its fize, Barrere places it among the carps. 
6. Clupea trifia, the large fprat: fpecific character, the 
laft ray of the dorfal fin lengthened, the anal ltrait. The 
pedforal fin has thirteen rays, the ventral eight, the anal 
and tail twenty-four each, the dorfal fix teen. The head 
is final!, comprefied, and without fcales. The mouth is 
oblique like the preceding fpecies, which it very much 
refembles except in fize, this being but about as many in¬ 
ches long as that is feet. The lower jaw bends upwards, 
ending in a point which fills up a dent in the upper; 
there are no teeth, but the tongue is (hurt and hard, and 
there is a rough membrane in the palate. The noftrils 
are double, and very near the mouth. The eyes are al- 
moft vertical ; and cn each fide there is a membrane 
which approach fo near each other as to leave but a fmall 
oblong aperture, and almoft hide the pupil of the eye, 
which is black inclofed in a filvery iris. The gills have 
:i wide aperture, the membrane lies concealed. The 
trunk is thin ; the belly is arched ; and from the throat 
to the anus there is the appearance of a faw confiding of 
thirty teeth. The lateral line is of a yellow colour in this 
and the preceding fpecies. The fcales are broad, thin, 
well faftened to the fkin, but lying one over another like 
tiles on a houfe. The fides of the fifti are filvery, the back 
and fins are bluifli; the fins have branched rays. Many 
countries produce this fifh : Ofbeck and Ellis ipeak of it 
as found in China ; Plunder at the Antilles, where it is 
PEA. 
Galled favalle ; Brown reckons it among the fifties of Ja¬ 
maica ; Barbotteau. found it in the Caribbees ; and Dr. 
Blagdon .-y; Carolina. In fpawning-time it mounts the 
dreams, and depofits its eggs among the weeds. It grows 
to the length of ten inches or a foot; it is fat and good 
eating, but little fought after, becaufe fo full of trouble- 
fome little bones. The waters of Jamaica, according to 
Brown, afford great quantities of them. The Caribbees 
however efteem them highly; but they have lometimes a 
hurtful and venemous quality ; and it is to be regretted 
that Brown did not make the proper enquiries to afeer- 
tain by what aliment or other means the fifh could ac¬ 
quire fuch a dangerous property. The vertebras are for- 
ty-feven in number, the ribs twelve on each fide. As 
this much refembles the preceding fpecies, it may be ne- 
ceftkry to mention wherein they dilfer befides their fize, 
left this fliould be taken for the young of the former -. the 
prefent fpecies, befides having the anal fin ftrait, and no 
teeth in the jaws, has a broad body : the former has a 
long body, and hexagonal fcales ; the fcales of the pre¬ 
fent are of the ufual lliape. 
7. Clupea Sinenfis, the Chinefe herring: fpecific cha¬ 
racter, no teeth, the lower ray of the branchial membrane 
fliortened. There are fix rays in the membrane of the 
gills, thirteen in the pedforal fin, eight in the ventral, 
nineteen in the anal, twenty-two in the tail, and eigh¬ 
teen in the dorfal. The body is very thin; the head is 
without fcales. The lower jaw is the longeft; the up¬ 
per has two broad hip-bones ; no teeth can be perceived, 
even in the inner part of the mouth. The noftrils are 
round, fingle, and near the eyes ; the pupil of the eye is 
black, iris filvery. The aperture of the gills is large, and 
the membrane almoft covered. The body is broad ; the 
back and belly end fliarp. The fins are fmall, the rays 
fmall, and but little divided. The head is of a filver co¬ 
lour ; the fame colour pervades the body, and appears 
through the fcales, which are of the nature of horn. The 
fins are yellowifti; thofe of the back and tail have a broad 
edging of a dark chefnut colour. This fpecies is found 
on the coafts of Alia and America ; Mr. John tranf- 
mitted it from Tranquebar, where it is called poiken and 
nannalai. He deferibes it as being ten inches long, living 
in the fea and in rivers; it fpawns in March and April, 
and is caught at that time ; but thofe taken in May, June, 
and July, are better tatted. Nieuhoff firft made it known 
as being found near the Dutch pofleflions in the Eaft-In- 
dies; they go in fhoals, like thofe of Europe, Specially 
on the Malabar coalt; but, not being fuch good eating as 
our herring, they are moftly thrown for manure on the 
fields of rice: they are caught with the fame kind of nets 
as the common herring, they fait them in the fame man¬ 
ner, and feed their fervants with them.' 
8. Clupea pilchardus, the pilchard : fpecific character, 
the dorfal fin placed at the centre of gravity. In the 
other fpecies, this fin is nearer the tail than the head. 
But, if this fifh be lifted up by the end of the dorfal fin, 
it will hang in equilibrium, whereas in the other her¬ 
rings the head will always preponderate. The membrane 
of the gills contains eight rays, the pedforal fin feven- 
teen, the tail twenty-two, the dorfal eighteen. The head 
is without fcales, comprefied, with an oblong cavity to¬ 
wards the top. The eyes are high up, with a nictating 
membrane on each fide ; the pupil is black, the iris filvery. 
The mouth fmall ; the lower jaw the longeft, bending up¬ 
wards, and ending in a point; there are no teeth in the 
jaws ; the tongue thin, broad, and frnooth, and the palate 
alfo. The noftrils fingle, and nearer the mouth than the 
eyes ; the bones of the lips broad ; the opercula of the gills 
even and radiated ; the aperture wide, but the membrane 
concealed. The body thin, but flefhy ; the back and belly 
almoft round. Its ordinary fize does not exceed nine 
inches ; the body is a little thicker in proportion than that 
of the herring, and the belly lefs fliarp: the fcales are 
very large, thin, and rounded ; the back is blueilh ; the 
.fides and belly filvery j the head is 'Comprefied, and the 
mouth 
