C L U 
mouth without teeth. The upper angle of each of the 
gills is marked with a large black 1'pot; fome have four 
er live fuch (pots difpofed in a row near the tail j the 
lower edge of the belly is ferrated, owing to the row of 
large clypiform fcales that runs along it. 
The pilchard annually appears in large ihoals off the 
Cornilh coalls, from whence it is regularly exported in 
great quantities into the Mediterranean. The Tilling 
ieafon is from June till the beginning of winter; a few 
fometimes are found hovering about till Chriilmas. There 
are Ipies, or huers as they are provincially called, (tationed 
on the cliffs that projeft into the fea, whole bufinels it is 
to watch the progrefs of the Ihoals, and to give notice to 
the boats below of the meafures they are to take, by means 
of lignals previoufly agreed upon. The ligns of their ap¬ 
proach are, a flight of aquatic birds, a phofphoric light 
produced by their movements, the fmell they exhale from 
a certain dillance, and the blue and white gleam on the 
furface of the lea at thofe times. The places they are 
principally caught at are Falmouth, Penzance, Fowey, 
and St. Ive’s. By an aft of James I. thefe huers are em¬ 
powered to go over the grounds of others, without being 
liable to damages. By their motions the nets are both 
fliooted and drawn; and, when they have been fuccefsful 
in inclofing part of a Ihoal, an hundred thoufand are fome¬ 
times taken at a Angle draught. In Oftober 1767, there 
were at one time inclol'ed in the Bay of St. Ive’s, feven 
thoufand hoglheads, or two hundred and forty-five mil¬ 
lions of filh. The average amount of the export of thefe 
fifli appears to be 29,795 "hoglheads annually ; which, in¬ 
cluding the bounty paid by government, and the price 
of the oil extrafted from them, are fold for about forty- 
nine thoufand pounds. But the great benefit arifing 
from the pilchard filhery, is the employment it affords to 
a number of feamen, who are thus trained up for the 
defence of the nation. A variety ot hands, too, are em¬ 
ployed on Ihore, in the different operations of falting, 
prefiing, waffling, and cleaning, the fid), as well as the 
trades-people, who depend upon the conltruftion and 
fale of boats, nets, ropes, and calks. 
As it is not pollible to fait all thefe filh immediately, 
when they are drawn up in fuch vaft quantities, they pile 
them on the ground in heaps of a yard and a half or two 
yards high, with layers of fea-falt between the ftrata; 
they are left thus for a fortnight or three weeks ; then the 
fait is vvaflied from them, and they are put into barrels 
and preffed with heavy weights to extract the oil; by 
which means a great quantity is obtained for various pur- 
poles. The principal differences between the pilchard 
and the common herring, befides the lituation of the dor- 
fal fin, are the following: it is more fat and flelhy ; the 
fcales are larger; the head is of a greater fize, and more 
blunt; the furrow obferved in the upper jaw of the her¬ 
ring is wanting in the pilchard, which laft alfois without 
teeth. Being fatter, it is preferred by many to the com¬ 
mon herring ; they are eaten frelh in the fame manner, 
but the greater part are faked. 
9. Clupea Africans, the African herring. This fpecies 
is diffinguilhed from the pijaceding by the length of the 
anal fin ; and from the following by having the lower jaw 
the longeft. The head is final!, compreffed, without fcales ; 
the eyes almoft vertical, with a black pupil, the iris fill- 
very bordered with red; and in front of them are the 
nofirils, which are fingle. No teeth. The aperture of 
the gills is wide, and the membrane is partly concealed. 
The body is very thin, broad upwards, and tapering off 
to the tail. The back and belly go oft fliarp ; the belly 
is Ihort, and of a filver colour; the back is long, and of 
the dolour of polilhed fteel. The fides are lilvery, the 
fins grey ; and the rays of the fins, the tail excepted, are 
Ihort, and not much divided; the ventrals are fo very 
minute, that they hardly deferve the name of fins. This 
fpecies is found on the coaft of Africa towards Guinea; 
we are told that at Acara, a Danilh poffeffion in Africa, 
they are fo plentiful in June and July, that forty of them 
Vo*.. IV. No. 23©. 
PEA. 693 
are fometimes fold for a penny. The Danes in that 
quarter call it fdd\ but other Europeans call it the Afri¬ 
can herring. 
10. Clupea atherinoides, the filver-ftriped herring : a 
broad lilvery ftripe along each fide is the fpecific charafter. 
There are twelve rays in the membrane of the gills, 
fourteen in the peftoral fin, eight in the ventral, thirty- 
five in the anal, twenty-two in the tail, eleven in the dor- 
la]. The body is long and compreffed, the head is final!, 
without fcales, ending in a blunt fnout ; the upper jaw is 
the longeft ; the mouth is large, and both jaws are armed 
with feveral rows of finall teeth ; but there are none on 
the tongue or on the roof of the mouth. The bones of 
the lips are narrow and jagged; the eyes are large,'pupil 
black, iris orange colour; the nofirils are fingle. The 
branchial aperture is wide ; the membrane lies hid. The 
body is covered with a vifcous matter of a brown colour, 
traniuding through the Silvery fcaies. The ventral fins 
are Ihort; thofe of the anus long and fcaly ; the rays are 
moilly four-branched, except the firft. This fpecies is 
found in both Indies and in the Adriatic fea. Brunniche 
found it at Singar.ia, and in the port of Spalatio in Dal¬ 
matia ; and Bloch received ipecimens from Surinam and 
Tranquebar. They are caught in the fea only, but in 
great quantities, and at all ieafons; the inhabitants of 
Malabar call them narum and rurunuab-, they do not much 
regard them as food, becaule they are fo full of final! 
bones, the general objeftion to herrings; nor are they 
much fought after by the Europeans, becaufe they have 
larger and better filh. On account of the filvery ftripe 
down the fide, which gives it fome refemblance to the 
fmelt, the Italian fishermen will fometimes fell this filh. 
by that name. This fpecies is about fix inches long; it 
is fat and well tailed ; it is eaten either frelh or falted. 
11. Clupea Malabaricus, the Malabar herring: the 
lower jaw bent upwards, and thirty-eight rays in the anal 
fin, form its lpecific charafter. There are eight rays in the 
membrane of the gills, fourteen in the pedtoral fin, feven 
in the ventral, twenty-two in the tail, and eight in the 
dorfal. The mouth is armed with very finall teeth ; the 
bones of the lips are narrow, lone, and jagged. The gill 
coverts are without fcales, fmootTi, and compofed of leve- 
ral leaves; the aperture is wide, the membrane covered. 
The fcales are large; the back round, the belly fliarp. 
The dorfal, anal, and tail fins, are grey; the peftoral and 
ventral fins blue; the rays loft and branched except the 
firft, which are fingle amt llift'. The colour of the back 
is filvery with yellow fpots. This fpecies is from Tran- 
qu<5bar, where it is caught on the neighbouring coaft all 
the year round; it is good eating, but fo full of little 
troublefome bones, that none but the poor negroes eat 
it. It never comes into the rivers, or is known to grow 
more than a foot long. The Malabars call it aduppu- 
adtpurwvjai. 
12. Clupea nafus, the nofe-herring : fpecific charafter* 
the upper jaw like a fnout or nole, and the laft ray of the 
dorfal fin long and briftly. There are four rays in the mem¬ 
brane of the gills, thirteen in the peftoral fin, fix in the 
ventral, twenty each in the anal and tail, and fixteen in 
the dorfal. The mouth is fmall and unarmed ; the jaws 
are equal in length. The nofirils are fingle. The eyes 
are large, with a Ikin over them ; the pupil is black, the 
iris yellowifh. The head has no fcales; but there are 
large ones on the body. The back is blue ; the belly 
and fides filvery. The rays of the fins are foft and rami¬ 
fied. This fpecies comes from the fame place as the pre¬ 
ceding : its length is eight inches; like the lall, it is eaten 
only by the poor; it is moreover unwholefome. It is 
caught all the year round in nets, both in the lea and at 
the mouths of rivers ; but it is by no means'plentiful. 
The Malay name is poikutti. 
There are fix other fpecies enumerated by Gmelin, in 
his new edition of Linnaeus, viz. The fetirojlris , found in 
the Pacific ocean and the Red fea ; the myjhis, from the 
Indian ocean} the tropicus , obferved by Olbec in the 
i O ifland 
