C O A 
C N I 
fubdecurrent, villofe above, beneath having thick hairy 
nerves ; flowering heads as far as eighteen ; calycine fcales 
frnooth, ere£l. Haller affirms, that Gmelin's plant is not 
the fame with his. Native of Swifferland, Auftria, and 
Carniola; perennial; in gardens it rifes to the height of 
four feet. 
7. Cnicus centauroides, or artichoke-leaved emeus: 
leaves pinnatifid; calyxes fcariofe; fcales acuminate. 
Leaves large, long, winged, the colour and form of arti¬ 
choke leaves, hoary underneath; ftem three feet high, 
angular, putting forth few branches, and having at the 
top heads the fize of a fmall artichoke, and of a tawny 
colour; corollas purple. Native of the Pyrenees. It flowers 
in July and Auguft; and was cultivated here in 1640. 
£. Cnicus uniflorus, or fingle-flower cnicus: leaves pin¬ 
natifid j calyx fcariole, villofe. Stem two feet high, erefl, 
fubangular, the thicknefs of the little finger, fcarcely la- 
nuginol'e, one-flowered ; flower one, terminating, leffile 5 
corolla large, violet; ftamens and ftyle longer than the 
corolla, the former white, the latter violet. Native of Si¬ 
beria ; perennial. 
9. Cnicus cernuus, or Siberian cnicus ; leaves cordate; 
petioles curled, thorny, ftem-clafping ; flowers drooping; 
calyxes fcariofe. Rootperennial, large, and rough, fending 
out many thick, black, fibres, which ftrike deep in the 
ground. The leaves which rife immediately from the root 
are near a foot long, and fix inches broad in the middle, 
diminifhing gradually toward the point, but at the bale 
fwelling out almoft heart-lhaped; their petioles are bor¬ 
dered, and the borders are cut and curled, embrace the 
ftalks half round, and end in fpines ; they are of a deep 
green on their upper fide, but white on their under, and 
Iharply ferrate on their edges. The Italics rife fix or feven 
feet high, fending out a few fmall branches; they are 
filiated, of a brown colour, and at bottom have heart- 
lhaped leaves, half-llem-clafping; the leaves toward the 
top of the (talk are long and narrow, ending in acute 
points. Each branch is terminated by one large head of 
flowers; florets pale yellow, with an agreeable feent. It 
flowers the fecond year from feed in July, and the feeds 
ripen in. the autumn, when the plant decays. Native of 
Siberia, whence the feeds were fent to the imperial garden 
at Peterfburgh, and were communicated to Mr. Miller, 
who cultivated them at Chelfea in 1758. The inhabitants 
of Siberia eat the tender (talks, boiled. 
Propagation and Culture. Thefe are perennial plants, 
which may be propagated by parting the roots; the bell 
time for doing this is in autumn, that the plants may get 
good root in winter; for thofe which are tranfplanted in 
the fpring do not flower well the full year, unlels they are 
planted in a moilt foil. As thefe plants grow very large, 
they -are not proper furniture for fmall gardens, where 
they will take up too much room; for they fltould not be 
planted nearer than four feet from'each other, becaufe, 
if too near any other plants, they will''rob them of their 
nourilhment; for the roots of thefe extend to a great dif- 
tance, fo that tvVo or three for variety, are fufticient for 
any garden, and may be planted at a dillancefrom choicer 
plants. They are alfo propagated by feeds, which may be 
fown in the Ipring on a bed of common ground, and will 
only require to be thinned and kept clean from weeds till 
autumn, when they may be tranfplanted where they are 
defigned to remain. See Atractylis, Carlina, Car- 
thamxjs, and Centaurea. 
CNFDUS, in ancient geography, a town of Caria, fitu- 
ated on a horn or promontory of a peninlula. It had in 
front a double port, and an ifland lying before it in form 
of a theatre, which being joined to the continent by moles 
or caufeways, made Cnidus a dipclis or double town, be¬ 
caufe a great number of Cnidians inhabited the ifland. 
Paufanias mentions a bridge which joined the ifland to 
the continent; Cnidii, the people; Cnidius, the epithet; 
Cnidia Venus, a principal divinity of the Cnidians. Horace. 
— Her Itatue was executed by Praxiteles; and fo exquiiitely 
done, and lb much admired, that people came from all 
695 
parts to view it. Pliny .—Of this place was Eudoxus, the 
famous altrcnomer and geometrician, who had here an' 
obfervatory. Strabo. 
CNIS'SA,/ [from to ferape off.] That kind of 
fmell which proceeds from the feraping and cleanfing any 
filthy or flunking place. 
CNO'PITZ, a river of Carinthia, which runs into the 
Drave, about fix miles foutli-weft of Saxenburg. 
CNOS'SUS, or Cnosus, anciently called Cxratos, from 
a cognomical river running by it; a city of Crete, twenty- 
three miles to the eall of Gortina. Here flood the fepul- 
chre of Jupiter, the famous labyrinth, and the palace of 
Minos, a very ancient king; here happened the adven¬ 
ture of Ariadne, his daughter, with Thefeus, called Gno- 
fis. O-vid .—Its port-town was Heracleum, on the eaft fide 
of the ifland. 
CNCPTHONDORFj-a town of Hungary: eighteen miles 
weft of Tokay. 
CO'A, a river of Portugal, which runs into the Dueros 
twelve miles fouth of St. Joanno de Pefqueira. 
CO'A , f. in botany. See Hippocratea. 
To COACERVA'TE, v. a. [coacervo, Lat.] To heap 
up together.—The collocation of the fpirits in bodies, 
whether the fpirits be coacervate or diffufed. Bacon. 
COACERVA'TION,/. The aft of heaping, or Hate of 
being heaped, together.—The fixing of it is the equal 
fpreading of the tangible parts, and the dole coacervatiott 
of them. Bacon. 
COACH, f [cache, Fr. kotezy, among the Hungarians, 
by whom this vehicle is laid to have been invented. Min- 
/hew.] A carriage of pleafure, or Hate, now diftinguilhed 
from a chariot by having feats fronting each other. 
Profeffor Beckman has taken great pains to inveftigate 
the origin of coaches. If, fays he, we are to underftand 
by this name every kind of covered carriage, in which one 
can with convenience travel, there is no doubt that fome 
of them were known to the ancients. The arcera, of 
which mention is made in the twelve tables, was a cover¬ 
ed carriage ufed by fick and infirm perfons. It appears 
to have been employed earlier than the foft lettica, and 
by it to have been brought into difufe. A later inven¬ 
tion is the carpentum, the form of which may be feen oil 
antique coins, where it is reprefented as a two-wheeled 
car, with an arched covering, and which was fometimes 
hung with coltly cloth. Still later were introduced the 
carruca, firll mentioned by Pliny; but fo little is known 
of them that antiquaries are uncertain whether they had 
only one wheel, like our wheel-barrows, or, as is more 
probable, four wheels. This much, however, is known, 
that they were firll-rate vehicles, ornamented with gold 
and precious Hones, and that the Romans confidered it 
as an honour to ride in thofe that were remarkably high. 
In the Theodofian code the ufe of them is not only allow¬ 
ed to civil and military officers of the firll rank, but com¬ 
manded as a mark of their dignity. After this, covered 
carriages feem more and more to have become appendages 
of Roman pomp and magnificence; but the manner of 
thinking which prevailed under the feudal lyltem, banilh- 
ed the ufe of them for fome time. As it was of the 
greateft importance to the feudal lords that their vaffals 
ffiould be always able to ferve them on horieback, they 
could not think of indulging them with elegant carriages. 
They forefaw, that by iuch luxury the nobility would 
give over riding on horieback, and become much more in¬ 
dolent, and lefs fit for military fervice. Mailers and fer- 
vants, liulbands and wives, clergy and laity, all rode upon 
horfes or mules, and fometimes women and monks more 
commodioufly upon Ihe-affes. The minifter rode to court; 
and the horle, without any conductor, returned alone to 
his liable, till a feivant led him back to court to fetch 
his mailer home. In this mannerrode the magiftrates of the 
imperial cities to council, in the beginning of the fix- 
teenth century : fo that, in 1502, fteps to allilt ip mounting 
were eredled by the Roman gate at Frankfort. The mem¬ 
bers of the council, who, atthe diet, and ©n other occafions, 
were 
