E S O 
18 
24. Efox polvpterus, the many-finned pike. Specific 
chara&er, one ray only in the membrane of the gills, a 
fpout-hole on each fide the head, 1 6 or 18 dorfal fins. 
Thirty-two rays in each pedtoral fin, 12 in each ventral, 
*5 in the anal, 19 in the tail, which is rounded. This 
very remarkable fifli was difcovered in the Nile by citizen 
Geoffroy, one of the fcientific perfons who accompanied 
the French in their expedition to Egypt: his defeription 
of it firft appeared in the Bulletin des Sciences by the 
Philomathic Society, No. 61. Cepede has received it 
into his fyftem as a fepa.rste genus, polypterits, fignifyiug 
in Greek many-finned, which name we have adopted for 
the fpecific. In the fize of its fcales and the long plates 
it is armed with, it refembles the E. offetis, or cayman ; 
but it has many marks of diftinflion from every fifli hi¬ 
therto known. Each peToral fin arifes from a kind of 
appendage or arm made up of feveral fmall bones which 
are united in the full-grown fifh, but fiill bear fome re- 
femblance to the fore-legs of quadrupeds. Each ventral 
arifes alfo from an appendage, but much fhorter than 
Chafe which fupport the peftorals. A hard ray appears 
in each of the fixteen or eighteen dorfal fins; it is com- 
jireffed on the fides, terminates in a double point; and 
near the top four or five fmall rays, obliquely turned 
backwards, run along the top of a narrow high mem¬ 
brane, broad downwards and rounded above. The folid 
ray is articulated upon the head of the apophylis of the 
vertebra correfponding to it ; its own apophyfis is very 
fmall, and concealed under the fkin. Inftead of the rays 
which commonly fupport the membrane of the gills, 
there is a long bony plate, fo that the membrane cannot 
be contracted and extended at the will of the animal. 
The top of the head is cafed in a large bone, confiding 
of fix pieces articulated into each other. Between this 
bone and the operculum, there is a feries of little fouare 
pieces, the longed of which, being loofe at one end, opens 
and Units like a valve, and underneath it lies a hole for 
the iifue of water from the mouth ; this is probably in¬ 
tended to fupply the want of elafticity in the membrane 
of the gills. There are two barbies from the under lip ; 
two rows of fmall even clofe teeth in each jaw ; the tongue 
is moveable, flefhy, but free from afperities. The pre¬ 
vailing colour is lea-green, with fome irregular black 
fpots more numerous towards the tail-fin than nearer the 
head. Length about a foot and a half; the tail not more 
than one-fixth of the total length ; the abdomen is very 
capacious. The gullet is wide ; the ft'omacb narrow, 
long, and conical. The inteftinal canal bears a refem- 
blance to that of the fliarks and rays: rifing a little arched 
from the upper part of the llomach, it goes direClly to 
the anus ; but a large duplicature in the internal mem¬ 
brane forms a fpiral vvhofe folds detain the food a longer 
time in that canal for the purpofe of digefiion. The 
caecum is thort; the air-bladder very long, and commu¬ 
nicates with the tefophagus by a valve or fphiiiiSler which 
can be opened or (hut at pleafure. 
25. Efox faurus, the faury or mackrel-pike. Specific 
character, fix fpurious fins above and feven beneath the 
tail. There are 12 rays in the dorfal, anal, and peCtoral, 
tins, and fix or feven in the ventrals; tail deeply forked. 
This lingular fifh prefents the body of a pike in union 
with the tail of a mackrel. Rondeletius has given a de¬ 
feription of it in very few words, accompanied with a 
figure; but it has been fuppreffed by Linnaeus, Gmelin, 
Hauy, Daubenton, and moft modern writers. Dr. Turton 
has reitored it in his recent tranflation of Linnaeus; and 
Cepede has given a detailed account of it from the ob- 
fervations which M. Camper lent him from Holland. 
Cepede has made it a diftinct genus, by the expreilive 
name of Scomherefox. According to Rondeletius, it grows 
to the length of a foot, and has fix fpurious fins above 
and below the tail ; but the fpecimen in the poffefliou of 
M. Camper, was not more than nine inches long; and 
had fix fpurious'fins above and feven beneath. The jaws 
are long and narrow enough to be compared to the bill 
ESP 
of a woodcock; but they are a little curved at the ti'j», 
as in the E. belone. The upper jaw, which is narrower 
and fhorter, fhuts clofe into the lower. The rims of 
the jaws are toothed like a faw in the full-grown animal; 
but in M. Camper’s fpecimen, which was a young one, 
there were only a few afperities at the upper part of the 
lower jaw clofe to the opening of the mouth. The 
tongue, which is fliort and rough, fcarcely reaches to 
where thofe afperities begin. The entire head is about 
one-third of the total length. The eyes are large ; nof- 
trils double; feveral mucous pores appear round the 
eyes and upon the jaws. The fcales are of a moderate 
fize, and eafily rub off; two rows of fmaller fcales on the 
belly make that part appear thicker, fo that the fiender- 
nefs of the tail appears not gradual, but fudden. The 
pedtoral fins are fickle-ftiaped ; the ventrals very fmall, 
and far from the throat; the fixth fpurious fin above and 
the feventh below are longer and narrower than the reft. 
The prevailing colour of this fi(h is bright filvery; the 
back, the lateral line, and the riling on the belly, have 
a (hade of brown mingled with chefnut or rufous. The 
ftomach is long ; the inteftinal canal pretty ftraight; the 
liver long and red ; the gall-bladder blackilh. As food, 
this fifli refembles the mackrel. 
ESPADACIN'TA, a town of Portugal, in the pro¬ 
vince of Tra-los-Montes, on the Duero, and borders of 
Spain : thirty-four miles fouth-weft of Miranda de Duero, 
and twenty-eight north of Almeida. 
ESPAGN AC',, a town of France, in the department 
of the Lozere, on the Tarn ; near it is a lead-mine, which 
yields thirty-three pounds of lead from a quintal of ore, 
and eight ounces of filver from a quintal of metal: ten 
miles fouth of Mende. 
ESPAGN AC J (John-Baptift-Jofeph de Sahuguet-Da- 
marzil, baron d’), a military writer, born in 1713, at 
Brive-la-Gaillarde. He entered the fervice at the age of 
nineteen, bore arms with reputation in Italy in 1734, and 
was an aid-de-camp in the war of Bavaria in 1742. He 
was efteemed by marlhal Saxe, who employed him as 
aid-major-general and colonel of a regiment of grenadiers. 
In 1766 he was made governor of the invalids, into which 
he introduced fome ufeful reforms. Fie arrived at the 
rank of lieutenant-general in 1780, and died at Paris in 
17S3. He publifhed, 1. Campaigns of the King in 1745— 
48, 4 vols. Svo. 2. Effay on the Science of War, 3 vols. 
8vo. 1751. 3. Effay on the great Operations in War, 
4 vols. Svo, 1755. 4. Supplement to the Reveries of 
Marfnal Saxe, 2 vols. Svo. 1773. He alfo wrote The 
Hiftory of Marlhal Saxe, 3 vols. 4to. in which are given 
plans of his battles and marches, together with anecdotes 
and particulars of the life of that celebrated general. 
ESPA'GNE (John d’), a French proteftant divine in 
the feventeenth century, a native of Dauphine, who be¬ 
came minifter of the French church in London, where he 
officiated during the reigns of James I. and Charles I. 
He publilhed feveral trails, which were collected toge¬ 
ther, and printed at Geneva in 1670, in 3 vols. 121110. and 
at the Hague in 1674, in 2 vols. 121110. Befides thefe, 
he publifhed a treatife entitled Erreurs populaires eti Points 
generaux qni conccrncnt PIntelligence de la Religion, dedicated 
to Charles I. king of England. Bayle fays of his works 
in genera!, that they deferve to be read, and that the laft- 
mentioned piece contains many good things. 
ESPAGNE'T (John d’), a learned Frenchman of the 
feventeenth century, and prefident of the parliament of 
JBourdeaux. Fie was attached to the ftudy of the new 
philofuphy, and exhibited a proof of the proficiency which 
lie had made in it, in a work entitled Enchiridion phyjicce 
rcJliiiLta, printed at Paris in 1623, which was afterwards 
tranflated into French, under the title of La Philo/ophie des 
Akcicns rejlablie en fa Purete. This work may be faid to 
have been the firft which appeared in France containing 
a complete fyftem of phyfics contrary to that of Ariftotle. 
He alfo publifhed a work concerning the philolophei’a 
(tone, entitled Arcanum Hermetic# philejophi# Opus. Both 
r the 
