E T N 
35 
E T N 
fhrubby ; leaves linear, quite entire, tomentofe. Native 
of China. 
5. Ethuliabidentis, or two-toothed ethulia : racemules 
direbted one way ; calyxes, containing about five flowers ; 
leaves lanceolate, oppofite. Native of the Eaft-Indies. 
6. Ethulia ftruchium, or Jamaica ethulia : flowers 
axillary, fertile, all trifid. This rifes generally to the 
height of two feet and a half, or more. Native of 
Jamaica. 
Propagation and Culture. Mod of thefe plants being an¬ 
nual, mud be propagated by feeds ; and coming from the 
Ead-Indies mud be kept in the dove. The firit only has 
hitherto been cultivated in Europe. 
ETIEN'NE, the French name of a family of celebrated 
printers, for a biographical account of whom, fee the ar¬ 
ticle Stephens. 
ETIOLO'GY,yi in medicine, a difcourfe of the caufe 
of a difeafe ; or it is that part of pathology, which is em¬ 
ployed in exploring the caufes of difeafes. The word is 
compounded of atria, caufe, and 7\oy<&, difcourfe. In 
this fenfe, we fay, the etiology of the fmall-pox, of the 
hydrophobia, of the gout, the dropfy, &c. Etiology is 
alfo ufed for a figure in rhetoric, whereby, in relating an 
event, we afiign alfo the caufe of it. In which fenfe, 
etiology differs from colour, as the former afligns the 
true caufe, the latter only a feigned or fpecious one. 
The fceptics were p'roferted opponents of all etiology, or 
argumentation from caufes. 
ETI QUET'TE,y. [Fr.] Forms and ceremonies which 
regulate the conduit and decorum of perfons of various 
ranks and dations towards each other. 
ET'MASER, a town of Arabia, in the province of 
Yemen : thirty-fix miles north of Chamir. 
ETMAUNDAR', f [Indian.] In Hindoodan, a fu- 
perintendant over a fmall divifion of a province, called 
an etmaum. 
ET'MULLER (Michael,) an eminent phyfician, born 
at Leipfic in 1644. After dudying at the univerfity of his 
native place and at Wittenberg, he travelled through 
the principal countries of Europe, and returning, took his 
doctor's degree at Leipfic. He-was there created profef- 
for of botany, chemidry, and anatomy. After attaining 
the rank of one of the mod celebrated phyficians of his 
time, he died in the flower of his age in 16O3, in confe- 
quence, it is find, of an accident in a chemical procefs. 
Etmuller was a copious writer, though the greater part 
of his works did not appear till after his death. They 
embrace a wide field in medicine, comprifing the chemical 
principles of phyfic, pharmacy, the practice ot medicine, 
and medical furgery. Various editions were publifhed of 
them, but the mod genuine is that of his foil, Michael- 
Erneft, in three volumes folio., Francof. 170S. 
ET'NA, the highert mountain in Sicily, and the larged 
volcano in the world. The word has been derived from 
aiSsn/, to burn. Bochart deduces the name from Kin.v, 
Aituna, fornax, as being a refervoir of molten matter. 
The hill and the city were by the ancient natives called 
TnelTus ; which is a compound of Ain-Es, like Hanes in 
Egypt ; and fignifies a fountain offire. It is called Ennefia 
by Diodorus ; who fays, that this name was afterwards 
changed to Etna. Strabo exprertes the name Innefit, and 
informs us that the upper part of the mountain was firrt 
fo called. The prefent inhabitants of the ifland call it 
Monte Gibello, or by contraction Mongibello, i. e. Mount 
of Mounts. It is fituated in the eaftern part of Sicily, 
called Val di Demoni, or Demona, from a notion that the 
numerous caverns of'Etna are inhabited by daemons, and 
other wicked and miferable beings. Lat. 37.40. N. Ion. 
x 5. The fire, w hich is continually burning in the bowels 
of this mountain, led the poets to place here the forges of 
the Cyclops, under the direction of Vulcan, and the pri- 
fon of the giants who rebelled againft Jupiter. Upon 
tliis fuppofition they erebted a temple to Vulcan upon 
the hill, in which was kept, as we are informed by CElian, 
a perpetual fire, as in the temple of Vefta~; this element 
being a fymbol of that deity. In the time of the Sicani, 
who, after the Aborigines, were matters of all Sicily, the 
continual and deftrubtive eruptions of the mountain obliged 
the inhabitants to retire from the eaft fide of the ifland, as 
ttioft expofed to its malignant effects, to the weft fide ; 
where the Siculi, or Sicilians, who fucceeded in the do¬ 
mination of the ifland to the Sicani, have ever (ince con¬ 
tinued to brave the fubterranean thunders, the native 
lightnings, and deftrubtive torrents of liquid fire, which 
have from time to time been poured forth from the bowels 
of this frightful volcano. Vefuvius, placed by the fide of 
Etna, would feem a fmall ejebted hill, the w hole circuit of 
its bafe not exceeding 30 miles, while Etna covers a fpace 
of 180, and its height above the fea is computed, by 
Spallanzani, at about ix,000 feet. This enormous mafs 
is furrounded by fmaller mountains, fome of which equal 
Vefuvius in fize, fo that Etna may be regarded, not as a 
Angle volcano, but as an aflemblage of volcanos, many of 
which are extinguiflied, or burn with a gentle fire, and 
of which fome few are ftill abting imperceptibly or vifi- 
bly, with violence. 
M. Houel, one of the lateft and mod accurate infpec- 
tors of this mountain, obferves, that Etna is entirely 
compofed of fubftances that have been difeharged from 
the volcano in its various eruptions. From the quantities 
of marine bodies that are depofited over its lower part, 
he infers, as others have done, that it muft have been 
once covered by the fea, to at leaft one half of its prelent 
height : and he" fuppofes that, in this ftate, the currents of 
the ocean would gradually accumulate upon it large fnafles, 
not only of its own productions, Inch as (hells and bones 
of fifties, but of feveral other fubftances intermixed with 
the matters difeharged from the focus of the burning- 
mountain. See the article Earth, vol.vi. p. 177. Thefe 
mafles, lie conceives, would, in prccefs of time, lo increafe 
as to form thofe various mountains which now lurround 
the volcano. The currents of the ocean would likewife 
convey fome part of the difeharged m uter of the volcano 
to a greater diftance ; and thus form thofe mountains that 
are feparated from it, and that are found farther removed. 
The bafe of this mountain, according to this ingenious 
author, confifts of alternate layers of lava and marine fub¬ 
ftances, fucceflively depofited upon one another, and 
reaching to a confiderable, but unknown depth. Thefe 
muft defeend to the level of the ftratum of lava, which 
was difeharged by the volcano at its firft origin. The 
laft layer, depofited by the fea, is a range of calcareous- 
eminences of confiderable height, placed on a balis of 
lava. Beneath this, there is another ftratum of fea peb¬ 
bles, rounded by their mutual attrition in the conflict of 
the waves. This, again, lies upon a yellowilli rock, 
confifting of a fpec'ies of indurated fand. The river 
Simeto flows over this rock ; and the bafe of the river is 
much higher than that of Etna, which is on a level with 
the fea : but the primary bafe of the volcano is unknown. 
From the mountains of calcareous matter that are (bat¬ 
tered over the lower part of Etna, tire inhabitants pro¬ 
vide themfelves with limeftcne, and they apply fragments 
of lava, inftead of (tones, of which they have none, to 
the purpofes of building. The mountains that furround- 
Etna, and that are obferved to great advantage born its 
fummit, evidently indicate, by their conical figure and 
the cavity at their top, their being the productions of’ 
fire. They bear unequivocal marks of the effects of this 
deftrubtive agent in an accumulation of lava, fcorias, and- 
volcanic fand. Whether the origin of thefe mountains 
is to be traced to the expaniive effort of the ignited mat¬ 
ter contained within the great abyfs of Etna, and which, 
incapable of afeending to the upper crater, btirfts forth 
at the fides ; or whether they are to be aferibed to parti¬ 
cular conflagrations and eruptions, which have no com¬ 
munication with 111 e immenfe furnace within tiie crater, 
has been a fubjebt of enquiry and difeuflion. The former 
alternative has been generally allowed; and it muft be. 
acknowledged that this is frequently the fabt. Inftances,.. 
however, 
