E U P 
thers two-lobed ; of which the inferior are fnnrpened info 
a little fpine on the lower lobe. Piftillum : germ ovate ; 
ftvle filiform, of the fit nation and figure of the ftainens ; 
ftigma obtufe, entire. Pericarpium : capfule ovate-oblong, 
compreifed, two-celled. Seeds : numerous, very final], 
roundifii.— E/Jential Char after. Calyx four-cleft, cylindric ; 
capfule two-cel led, ovate-oblong ; lower anthers have a 
little thorn at the bale of one of the lobes. 
Species, i. Euphrafia latifolia, or broad-leafed eye- 
bright: leaves tooth-palmate ; flowers in a kind of head. 
Root annual ; ftem a hand’s breadth high, or lefs, fquare, 
reddift), (lightly hairy, fimple, or dividing at bottom into 
two fmall branches, not more ; leaves few, thick, hairy, 
almoft round, in pairs, very deeply notched, the lower 
ones having only about three, but the upper ones five or 
fix, notches ; flowers axillary, and in a fpike at the end, 
coming out in pairs; corolla purple (fometimes white) ; 
brakes palmate, fubhirfute. Found about Montpel¬ 
lier ; frequent in the hilly paftures of Italy, fpreading 
a purple carpet in fome places ; in Montferrat, the county 
of Nice, and near Turin ; Verona ; Monte Tefiacceo, 
near Rome ; in Apulia ; in Caftille, particularly near the 
Efcurial. 
2. Euphrafia officinalis, or common eye-bright : leaves 
ovate, marked with lines; fharply toothed. Root annual; 
(lent from two to four inches high, or more, upright, 
round, hoary, purple, for the mod part branched, in op- 
pofite pairs ; leaves oppofite, fefiile, obtufe, convex 
above, concave beneath, finely ciliate about the edge, 
flicrhtly hirfute on each fide, above fomewhat glolly ; 
flowers-from the axils of the leaves, on fhort peduncles, 
oppofite, forming a fpike or raceme at the tops of the 
branches and ftem. Common on heaths and other dry 
paftures, efpecially on a chalky foil ; flowering from July 
to September. It varies much in fize, and in the colour 
of the corolla, which varies to quite white and yellow ; 
it is more or lefs branching, and fometimes wholly un¬ 
branched. It feems to have been unnoticed by the an¬ 
cients. The Arabians mention it under the name of 
adhil. Matthaus Sylvaticus, a phyfician of Mantua, who 
lived about the year 1320, recommended this plant in 
diforders of the eyes. It is (fill in ufe, particularly as an 
ingredient in Britiftt herb-tobacco : and Mr. Lightfoot 
informs 11s, that the highlanders in Scotland make an in- 
fufion of it in.milk, and anoint the patient’s eyes with a 
feather dipped in it. It is, however, negle£ted by the 
faculty; and even, thought by fome to be injurious, at 
leaft in inflammations of the eyes. It is a weak aftrin- 
gent : but there feems to be no foundation for the old 
notion of its being ufeful in diforders of the eyes. 
3. Euphrafia tricufpidata, or three-toothed eye-bright: 
leaves linear, three-toothed. Native of Italy. 
4. Euphrafia odontites, or red eye-bright : leaves 
linear, all ferrate. The whole plant commonly brownifh 
red ; (lent upright, (tiff, very much branched, from fix 
inches to a foot or more in height, hifpid, obtufely four- 
cornered : branches oppofite ; bradfes lanceolate ; flow¬ 
ers in long leafy fpikes, pointing one way, nodding a 
little at top, in pairs or (ingle, on (hort peduncles. 
Common both in corn-fields and paftures ; efpecially 
where it is moilt : flowering from July to September. 
According to Linnaeus-, moft cattle will eat it. With us 
it appears to be untouched in paftures. Whatever may 
be the cafe while it is young, certainly when it is in full 
vigour, cattle, fo far from eating it, do not feem fond of 
the grafs even at the diftance of fome inches from the 
plant. 
5. Euphrafia lutea, or yellow eye-bright: leaves linear, 
ferrate, the tipper ones quite entire. This refembles the 
foregoing, but is different in having yellow flowers, the 
upper lip bearded or villofe within and without, and 
emarginate ; the lower lip concave, trifid ; with the feg- 
ments equal. The leaves narrower, fcarceiy linear, hif¬ 
pid, hanging down, theloweror.es toothletted, the upper 
ones entire, like thofe of flax 3 Item one, feldom more, 
Vol. VII. No. 409. 
E U P a i 
rough, hard, woody, upright, wand-like, d 11 fixy red ; 
feeds brown, oblong. According to Gerarde, (Prov. 
286. 4,) it differs from the foregoing, in the ftem being 
lower, lefs divaricate, and branched ; the leaves broader* 
more fcabrous; the flowers yellow, appearing in fummer. 
Native of Swiflerland, Savoy, Anftria, Friuli, Silelia, 
the Palatinate, Piedmont, Tufcany, and the fouth ot 
France. 
6. Euphrafia linifolia, or flax-leaved eye-bright: leaves 
linear, all quite entire ; calyxes fmooth. Thisisa little 
ftitf, narrower, finer, but frequently higher, titan the. 
common fort. The leaves entire ; flowers yellow. Na¬ 
tive of France and Italy. 
7. Euphrafia vifeofa, or clammy eye-bright: leaves 
linear ; calyxes glutinous-hifpid. This differs from the 
fifth in having the leaves linear-lajrceolat'e, not (briefly 
linear; the calyxes villofe and vifeid, not fmooth; the 
corollas (hut, and not (horter than the ftamens. It isalfo 
to be diftinguifhed from E. linifolia. The ftem, accord¬ 
ing to Villars, is more firm and lefs branched ; the leaves 
are a little wider titan thofe of-the preceding ; the calyx 
is loaded with yellow, vifeid, odoriferous glands; the 
flowers are yellow. Gouan obferves, that it is only three 
inches high and fimple, or a foot high and branched, fmooth 
or villofe. All the leaves are broader at the bafe, thenee 
gradually attenuated, and rough with hairs, moft fre¬ 
quently quite entire, but fometimes toothed ; the lower 
ones are oppofite, the reft alternate, whence the branches 
themfel ves are feldom oppofite. Flowers on a very fhort 
peduncle, alternate, each within a fingle bradle. Native 
of Provence, Dauphine, Swiflerland, Savoy, Piedmont, 
and the county of Nice. 
8. Euphrafia cuneata, or wedge-leaved eye-bright ; 
leaves fomewhat wedge-fhaped, galhed. Native of New 
Zealand. 
9. Euphrafia longiflora, or long-flowered eye-bright : 
pubefcer.t-vifcid, leaves linear, quite entire ; tube of the 
corolla filiform, three times as long as the calyx. Stem 
upright, ftiff, round, (lender, a fpan high, fimple, or 
having two or four oppofite branches at top, (horter than 
the ftem ; towards the bottom it is leaflefs, and pubefeent- 
vtfeid, as the whole planit is. It is diftinguifhed by the 
length of the corolla, with a filiform tube twice or three 
times as long as the calyx. According to Cavanilles, the 
ftem is a foot high, of a dark red colour; the branches 
decuflated and four-cornered ; feeds longitudinally (freak¬ 
ed. Native of Spain. Found there by Barrelier; by 
Barnades in 1736; by Bu.ens near Efpexa, by Cavanilles 
near Rivas, and by Vahl in Arragon. It flowers there in 
September. 
Propagation and Culture. Tltefe are all annual plants, 
to be propagated only from feeds, fowed foon after they 
are ripe, or in the fpring, in the borders of the garden. 
The fecond fort will not grow in a garden, unlefs it has 
grafs or fome other herbs to protect it. This and the 
fourth are common weeds. The other forts are natives 
of the fouthern countries of Europe, and are not without 
difficulty preferved in gardens. The herb-women fupply 
the markets plentifully with the fecond forts from tiie 
paftures. See Bartsia, Justitia, Mimulus, Rhi- 
jj a nth us, Ruellia, Schwalhea, and Torenia. 
EUPHRA'TES, a river of Alia, which riles in Mount 
Ararat, in two dreams, a few miles to the north-eaft of 
Erzerum, which unite to the fouth-weft near that city 3 
in its courfe it feparates Aladulia from Armenia, Syria 
from Diabekir,,and Diabekir from Arabia ; pafles through 
the Arabian Irak, in which it joins the Tigris, and emp¬ 
ties itfelf into the Perfian Gulf, about fifty miles fouth- 
eaft of Baffora. Lat. 29. 30. N. Ion. 66. 55. E. Green¬ 
wich. “The waters of the Euphrates, (lays Mr. Jack* 
fon in his journey from India overland in 1797,) were 
the moft falubrious and pleafant I ever tailed. Though 
muddy, like the water of the Nile, when firft taken up, it 
foon becomes clear ; and while I could get this to drink, 
I had not the leaft defire for wine or (pints.” 
Y EUPHRA'TES,, 
