FARRIERY. 
225 
the attention and regard of petTons of the .firft education 
and abilities. And in this point of view it will undoubt¬ 
edly be a meafure of great national wifilom, to allow a 
proper rank in fociety to thofe men, who by wrefting the 
veterinary fcience from the hands of the ignorant, will 
contribute fo materially to its advantage and fuccefs ; 
while, on the other hand, it is no more than an a< 5 t of in- 
difpenfable ju(lice and mercy, to promote and provide 
for the health and eafe of that noble animal, which con¬ 
tributes fo much to the abridgment of our labour, and adds 
fo extenlively to the pleasures and comforts of our lives. 
ANATOMY OF' THE HORSE. 
Unlefs we obtain a competent knowledge of the con¬ 
formation and ftrtnfhire of the parts which form an ani¬ 
mal body, it will be impqllible for us to define its proper 
functions when in health, or to difeover the feat of its 
infirmity, w hen internally difeafed. This fail, we truft, 
is fufficiently demonftrated under the article Anatomy, 
in our firft volume ; where it has been (hewn, that the 
perfeftion of the healing art, as applied to the difeafes of 
man, owes its permanent fuccefs.to the influence of ana¬ 
tomical knowledge, which, of late years, has been fo 
happily and extenfively advanced. And though, from 
the progrefs of comparative anatomy, it has been afeer- 
tained that the conformation of brutes correfpottds very 
nearly to that of the human fubjedt ; yet, in many cafes 
of peculiar ftrudture, and efpecially from the force of do- 
meftication, their phytiology rauft vary, in proportion as 
their habits of life recede from a ftate of nature. Whence 
it has been deduced, that though the horfe, in his wild 
and native abodes in the Arabian deferts, o.r mountains of 
Barbary, is remarkable for health and vigour ; yet, un¬ 
der the excellive labour impofed upon him by man—the 
ftiameful negledt w hich too often follows that labour—the 
ignorance and brutality of grooms, and the hardfliip he 
often endures from the want of proper food, with a variety 
of other incidental caufes,he becomes, in a domeftic ftate, 
the mod difeafed and infirm of every other kind of animal, 
man alone excepted. Should this reafoningbe admitted, 
it will follow, that next to that of man, the anatomy of the 
horfe demands our particular attention and regard; for 
without this, the veterinary fcience muft forever remain 
in a ftate of obfeurity and degradation. 
But as the principles of anatomy, and the organization 
of the animal frame, with the nature and origin of bone, 
cartilage, ligament, fibre, membrane, vejfels, artery, vein, verve, 
mvfcle, gland, &c. are explained at large in our firft vo¬ 
lume, p. 525-527, to which the reader is referred, it will 
only be requifite in this place to define the ft rupture of the 
horfe, in fuch a manner as to enable thofe entrufted with 
his management and care, to judge difcreetly of his inter¬ 
nal maladies, and to adopt in all fuch cafes, a rational and 
effectual mode of cure. The excellent work of Mr. 
Stubbs above alluded to, feems belt calculated for the 
regular-bred anatomift, who muft be thoroughly ac¬ 
quainted with the technical name of every individual 
part which forms the human body, before he can either 
trace or underhand the parts which compofe the ftruc- 
ture of the horfe ; being named, perhaps with two much 
ftridtnels, after the nomenclature of the human anatomy, 
as explained in our firft volume. Befides which, the rnuf- 
cles, nerves, arteries, veins, &c. being all laid down in 
the fame Tables, none but the finilhed anatomift can with 
precifion trace their anaftomofes or inofculaiions. In the 
plates projected by Lafoffe, on the contrary, thefe organs 
are all feparately defined ; the angeiology, myology, neu¬ 
rology, &c. being moft ingenioufiy traced in diftindt Ta¬ 
bles, and their various ramifications and anaftomofes cor- 
redtly and obvioufiy delineated : whence his lyftem of 
equine anatomy appears to us much better calculated for 
the information of the private gentleman, as well as for 
the more ea(y inftrudtion of the young (Indent in veteri¬ 
nary fcience. For thefe reafons we have adopted the im¬ 
proved method of Lafotre, and have caufed the Engrav- 
Vol. VII. No. 421. 
ings deftined for the illuftration of this article, to be de¬ 
lineated upon the fame principle. 
Of the BONES, or SKELETON. 
The eye of the phyfiologift is generally firft diredted to 
the frame or bafis, upon which the fuperftrudture of the 
corporeal fyftetnis erected : in every animal "body endowed 
with bone, this fabric is termed the fkeleton ; and in the 
horfe, it is ufually divided into three parts ; namely, 
the caput or head ; the fpine and trunk ; the extremities 
or legs. Thefe we fliall explain in their regular order. 
Bones of the Head. —This part is made tip of the 
Jhull, the face, and tIre jaws ; which taken together, con. 
fift of thirty-two feparate pieces: viz. the fkull is con- 
ftrudted of eleven diftindt bones ; the two frontal, the 
two parietal, the four temporal, one fphenoid, on£ eth¬ 
moid, and one occipital bone. The temporal bone in the 
horfe is made up of two diftindt portions, the fqnamous 
and petrous, which in this animal always remain diffindt. 
The occipital bone differs much from the correfponding 
one in the human fkull, forming the top of the head, and 
is poffeffed of very great ftrength and thicknefs, with a 
deep depreflionon the centre, to which the cervical liga¬ 
ment is attached. The face is made up of twenty-one 
bones, as follows ; two nafal bones, two angular bones, 
two malar or cheek bones, two fuperior maxillary, and 
one inferior maxillary bone, which is not found in the hu¬ 
man fkeleton, and has been termed by profeffor Blunien- 
bach, the intermaxillary bone. There are alfo two fupe¬ 
rior palatine bones, two inferior palatine, two fuperior 
turbinated, two inferior, two pterygoid bones, and the 
vomer. The turbinated bones are particularly large in 
the horfe, as are alfo the maxillary cavities; and by the 
elongation of the face, the head of the horfe is extended 
in length, perhaps, beyond almoft every other quadruped. 
Two thin plates of bone, almoft diftinCt from the palatine 
bones, and divided by a future, following the fame direc¬ 
tion as the large palatines, are obfervable in the (j ace be¬ 
tween the incifor and molar teeth of the upper jaw : thefe 
might be termed the leffer palatines ; they are, however, 
merely procefles of the intermaxillary bones, and not di¬ 
vided from them by any future. The intermaxillary 
bones in this animal contain the whole of the incifores or 
cutting-teeth, but not the canini, or tufks, the future 
palling between them. The inferior maxilla, or rather, 
in the horfe, the pofterior, or jaw bone, is formed of one 
bone, at lead in the adult, and is not, as in the.human, 
made tip of two bones, united by fymphyfis at the chin; 
it is necelfariiy longer and deeper than the jaw of moft 
other quadrupeds. The jaws are furnifhed with alveoli, 
or excavations, to receive the teeth; which fpecies of 
bone we fliall feparately deferibe. 
Bones of the Spine and Trunk. —The fpine is a 
canal of bone, of a very elongated conical figure, and, in 
the horfe, is made up of about thirty-two, pieces, inde¬ 
pendent of the bones of the tail, which is formed of feven- 
teen or eighteen bones. The cervical vertebrae, or bones of 
the neck, are feven ; which number, it has been remarked 
by anatomifts, prevail in all quadrupeds, whether the neck 
be long or fliort. Thefe bones in the horfe are altogether 
different from thofe of the human fkeleton in their for¬ 
mation : the body of the bone is conliderably more elon¬ 
gated, and the procefles of a different figure. The firft 
vertebra is termed, as in the human Ikeleton, atlas, but 
evidently without the leaf! propriety, as the head of the 
horfe is rather fufpended from this bone, than refting 
upon it; it differs effentially in figure froth the other ver¬ 
tebrae of the neck, being more extended laterally, and in 
being without any dorfal apophyfis; it is alfo much 
fliorter than any of this range of vertebrae ; it receives 
anteriorly the condyloid precedes of the occipital bone, 
and ltkewife pofteriorly the turbercleof the l'econd verte¬ 
bra within its articulating cavities. The fecund vertebra’ 
of the neck, is in figure almoft the reverfe of the former, 
being long and narrow in its body, the dorlal procefs, or 
3 M ciifta. 
I 
