228 
FARRIERY. 
iuternallyi The -mod remarkable circumftance in the 
thigh-bone of the horfe is a ftrong curved procefs of 
bone on the oudide oppofite the leflTer trochanter, which 
receives in its curvature the vaftus externus mufcle, muf- 
culus fafciae latte ; and mufculus fafciae gltitealis fend off 
portions of tendon to be inferted in this curved procefs ; 
which Mr. Stubbs terms the protuberating part of the 
linea afpera , and Y’itet and Lafoffe I'apophift recourbee. On 
the pofterior and inferior part of this bone, near its ex¬ 
terior condyle, there is a deep cavity, in which tiie per¬ 
forate mufcle takes its rife. The condyles of this bone 
are remarkable for their magnitude and ftrength ; the 
outer condyle is larger, and is placed pofteriorly to the 
inner condyle. 
The patella, knee-pan, or ftifle-bone, is particularly 
large, elyvated, and thick, in the hcrfe, having the lubri¬ 
cous cartilage on its infide where it meets the femur, pof- 
feffing corref pondent impreffed condyles for this purpoie. 
This bone ferves to increafe the furface for tendinous in¬ 
fection of the mufcles of the thigh, &c. palling over an 
angle on which it can ealily glide ; it elevates the tendons- 
high above the point they are deftined to aft upon, and 
in this inftance vuftly increafes their ftrength and force. 
The tibia , or leg-bone of the horfe, correlponds in ftruc- 
tnre with that of the human much more than the femur. 
There is near its head a lhar-p apophylis, which might be 
called its anterior crilta ; its external fide is concave, in 
which lie the bodies of feveral mufcles ; its internal fide 
convex, pofteriorly it is flattened ; its epiphyfis may be 
divided Into two condyles, external and internal, in the 
young foal ; from the latter fprings a fmall fpinous 
procefs of bone, the rudiment of the human fibula. 
The tar/us, or hock, is lifually made up of fix bones, 
fometimes leven. This joint affords an extraordinary 
provifion of ftrength to the horfe, and guards againft the 
ill confequences of violent concuiiion. The human tar- 
1 us makes a right angle with the tibia, and, in the aft of 
Handing or walking, meets the ground ; in the horfe it 
makes a very open angle with the tibia, and is very fur ele¬ 
vated above the ground. The aftragalus bone in the 
horfe is alfo obferved to poffefs two very ftrong promi¬ 
nent condyles, which are not obfervable in the human 
aftragalus. The os cubiforme holds the fame figure and 
fituation in both animals, refting by its inferior furface 
upon the external ftyloid and (hank-bone, its upper fur¬ 
face receiving the inferior extremity of the os calcis by 
an articulation not poffeffing motion. The two central 
cuneiform bones of the human tarfus appear to be united 
in the horfe to form one flat extended bone,, which refts 
upon, and covers, great part of the articulating furface of 
the head of the (hank-bone. The os naviculare alfo of the 
human tarfus is here converted into a flat extended bone, 
refting on the former; thefe two bones together equal in 
height the os cuboides. By thefe two flat plates of bone, 
with their interpoftng cartilages, a fpecies of cuftiion is 
formed, which renders the-effect lefsfevere of the violent 
etforts and concuflions this part is expofed to : that they 
have a purpofe of this kind may be inferred from their 
taking no part in the. flexion of the joint. The internal 
cuneiform bone, ora bone that holds its fituation in this 
animal, is found refting on the head of the internal ftyloid 
bone, which appears to correfpond with the bone of the 
great toe in the human anatomy^ The bones of this 
joint often become difeafed with the depofition of oftific 
matter, forming an enlargement which is termed fpavin. 
The metatarfal or (hank-bones of the hind extremity do 
not differ in any.re.fpeft from thofe of the fore extremity ; 
except'perhaps that the ftyloid bones in general defcend 
lower in the hind extremity, and are often cluvated at the 
end, inftead of being pointed. 
T lie annexed Engraving exhibits the true ftrufture of 
the (kelcton of the horfe. Fig i. The occipital, or roll- 
bone. 2. The parietal, or vertical bones. 3. The os 
frontis, frontal, or forehead bones. 4. The temporal 
bones. 5. The fphenoid and ethnoid bones. 6. The 
malar, jugal, or cheek-bones. 7. The maxillary bone3 
fuperior, or upper jaw. 8. The nafals, or bones of the 
nofe. 9. The os unguis, or angular bones. 10. The 
maxillary bone inferior. 11. The pofterior maxillary 
bone, or under jaw. 12. The grinders or cheek-teeth. 
13. The tufhes, or tufks. 14. The incifores, or cutting- 
teeth. 15. The cervical vertebrae, or bones of the neck. 
16. The dorfal vertebrae, or bones of the back. 17. The 
lumbar vertebra, or bones of the loins. 18. The os 
facrum, or five bones in the colt, which become one in 
the horfe. 19. The bones of the tail. 20. The fter- 
num, or bones of the cheft. 21. The coftae, or ribs. 
22. The os ilium, or hip-bone. 23. The os ifchium, or 
haunch-bone. 24. The os pubis, or (hare-bone. 23. 
The fcapula, or fhoulder-blade. 2 6. The humerus, or 
arm. 27. Its condyles. 28. The cubitus or ulna. 29, 
The radius. 30. The feven carpal bones forming the 
knee. 31. The metacarpal, (hank, or cannon-bone. 32. 
The ftyloid, or fplint-bone, called the fmall metacarpal. 
33. The fefamoid bones. 34. The os fuffragineum, or 
paftern-bone. 35. Tire os coronas, or coronet-bone, cal¬ 
led alfo the fmall paltern ; and the navicular or nut-bone. ■ 
36. The os bafts, or coffin-bone. 37. The femur, or 
thigh-bone. 38. The great trochanter. 39. The pa¬ 
tella, ftifle, or knee-bone. 40. The tibia, or leg-bone. 
41. The fibula, or• ftrengthener of the leg-bone. 42. 
The tarfus, or hock, made up of fix bones. 43. The 
metatarfal or drank bone of the hind extremity. 44. 
The hinder Fplint bone, or fmall metatarfal. 45. The 
paftern-bone, See. See. the fame as in the fore extremity. 
All the bones in the fkeleton of the horfe are firmly 
connefted together by cartilaginous and ligamentous ar¬ 
ticulations, very limilar to thofe in the human fabric, 
but proportionally more elaftic, and of fuperior ftze and 
ftrength. For a defeription, fee the article An atom y, 
vol. i. p. 582-585. 
Of the TEETH. 
The teeth are commonly forty in number in the horfe, 
viz. fix incifores or cutting-teeth, vulgarly called nippers 
or pincers ; two canine cufpidati, or eye-teeth, called 
nifties, or tufks ; and twelve molares or cheek-teeth,.cal¬ 
led grinders,—in each jaw. Mares have in general but 
thirty-fix teeth; the four tufties being commonly (but 
not always) wanting. The teeth are the very hardeft of 
the bones, and are covered with a fine enamel ; but they 
are fubjeft to many diforders, as well as to faults in con¬ 
formation. Sometimes they are carious, fometimes too 
numerous. Some horfes have a double row of cutting- 
teeth, which is a great inconvenience ; others have the 
the grinders double, which injures and ulcerates tlie 
fides of the mouth. Some have the enamel of the teeth 
very foft, fo that the air and food foon render them ca¬ 
rious, occafioning pain and fever to the horfe, the caule 
and feat of which are too often ntiftaken by farriers. 
Phyfiologifts confider this feries of bone as of no other 
avail than for the office of maftication; but dealers in 
horfes, and perfons who have occafion to go to market for 
this ufefttl animal, regard the teeth in another point of 
view, namely, that of being the only criterion whereby 
they are enabled to afcertain his age. The mark, where¬ 
by the age is to be difeovered, is generally fqppofed to 
reftde only in the incifores or nippers, and finally in the 
two lower corner nippers, placed next to the canine teeth 
or tuffies. In a few weeks, with fome, the foal’s twelve 
fore milk-teeth begin to (hoot ; thefe are fliort, round, 
white, and ealilyjdiftinguiffiable from the adult teeth, 
with which they come afterwards to be mixed. A'r fonte 
period between two and three years old, the colt changes 
his milk teeth ; that is to fay, he (lieds the four middle 
fore teeth, two above, and two below, whiplt are fome 
time after replaced with permanent horfes teeth. After 
three years old, two others are changed, one on each fide 
the former; he has then eight colt’s or milk teeth, and 
four horfe’s teeth. After four years old, he cuts four 
new teeth, one on eacli fide thofe laft replaced, and has 
at 
