231 
FARRIERY. 
when detached from the body, as to appear like a pyrami¬ 
dal figure, whole bafe is attached fo the body, and whole 
apex is rel'ing on the ground: on hebafe of this pyramid, 
or upper end of the extremity, the mufcles pofiefs an ex¬ 
terior, interior, anterior, and polterior, pofit on ; fuch is 
efpecially their arrangement about the fcapula and hume¬ 
rus; as we defcend, they become more Ample, and oc¬ 
cupy at length only a two-fold polition, ferving for mere 
flexion and extenfion, as is obfervable about the radius ; 
at the apex of the cone no mufcles are obfervable, but 
merely the tendons of the laft leries of mufcles, with the 
bones and ligaments to which they are attached. Abduc¬ 
tion, and adduBion, are the ufes imputed'to fuch mufcles 
as are attached to the infide oroutfide of the fcapula; cx- 
tenfion, and flexion, to fuch as are attached behind and be¬ 
fore it. Thefe mufcles have their principal effetft in pro¬ 
ducing a combined operation, that of promoting the flip- 
port and progreflion of the animal. 
The mufcles of the fcapula, or blade-bone, are fix : tra¬ 
pezius, rhomboideus, levatorius, peBoralis anticus, triangularis, 
ferratus major. The trapezius, is a thin mufcle of a trian¬ 
gular figure, whofe point or termination is fixed on the 
Spinous ridge of the fcapula, rather above its middle, its 
b ife extending from the cervical ligament along the liga¬ 
ment of the ift, 2d, 3d, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, fpinous apo- 
phyfesof the dorfal vertebrae or withers. It fendsoffan 
aponeurofis, which envelopes great part of the abdominal 
mufcles, terminating at length on the linea alba ; it alfo 
fends off a flefliy portion to the mufcles of the neck. The 
rhomboideus is a Ihort flefliy mufcle beneath the former, 
takes its attachment to the cervical ligament and ligament 
connecting the fpinous apophyfesof the dorfal vertebrae, 
and paffes underneath the cartilage at the bafe of the fca¬ 
pula, which it almoft wholly occupies by its flefliy adhe¬ 
rence. This mufcle pefleffes no tendon, and l'erves, inde¬ 
pendent of its effedls on the motion of this part, ftrongly 
to attach the fcapula to the body. The levatorius, or ex- 
tenfor fcapulae, is of coniiderable length, and of a conical 
figure, its bale being fixed to the fuperior and anterior 
angle of the fcapula, its fibres mixing with thofe of the 
rhomboideus, from which in fome fubjeCts it can hardly 
be feparated ; it paffes tapering along the neck, adhering 
to the cervical ligament till it terminates in a point or 
tendon on the fame ligament about the fecond vertebra. 
Triangularis, or the triangular mufcle, is flefliy, and arifes 
from the occiput ; where it embraces the neck it grows 
narrower, and as it approaches the fcapula it terminates 
by a flat tendon, uniting itfelfto the rhomboideus, and to 
the tendinous infertion of the ferratus major ; its fibres 
are ftraight, and the mufcle is divided into diflindt fafei- 
culre by an interpofed cellular membrane. TheJ'erralus 
major forms coliedlively the figure of a fan inverted, the 
point being towards its infertion beneath the fcapula, and 
its circumference on the ribs. It takes attachment by nu¬ 
merous digitations of mufcle from the firft to the tenth or 
eleventh rib ; the polterior digitations of this mufcle alfo 
interweave themfelves with the digitations of the oblique 
mufcles of the abdomen, and the anterior portions or radii 
with the intercoftal mufcles. The triangularis may even 
be confidered as apart of this very extenfive mufcle. The 
fibres converging from this vaft circumference at length 
terminate by"a tranfverfe fielhy adherence to the fuperior 
interior part of the fcapula, between the rhomboideus 
and fubfcapularis mufcles. There is a fafeia or band 
arifing from the upper furface of this mufcle, which runs 
to the linea alba, over all the mufcles of the abdomen. 
The peBoralis anticus, or ferratus minor, is a flefliy mufcle 
of confiderable length, and of the figure of an elongated 
cone ; its bafe is attached by flefliy fibres to the fternum 
and firlt rib, anteriorly to the large pedtoral, from whence 
it grows narrower, till it terminates on the anterior crifla, 
or edge of the fcapula ; it alfo contradfs a ftrong adhe¬ 
rence to the pectoralib minor, and its aponeurofis covers 
all the mufcles of the fcapula. Here the humxnfubclavius 
mufcle is only wanting j all the other mufcles belonging 
to this par' in the human anatomy, are found in the horfe. 
Tiie mufcles of the humerus or arm of the horfe are 
twelve : elevator , antefpinatus, communis, peBoralis major, de- 
preJJ'or, dorfalis major, latijfhnus dorfi, Jubfcapularis, peBoralis 
brevis, abduBor, pofea Jpinatus abduBor, abduBor brevis. The 
elevator proprius lies immediately before the antefpinatuV, 
and unites with it. Its attachment is along the anterior 
crifla of the fcapula; palling with the antefpinatus, it ter¬ 
minates on the lateral internal part of the humerus. This 
mufcle is fo clofely connected with the antefpinatus, that 
one tendinous expanfion is common to them both. It 
terminates bn the anterior procefs of the head of the hu¬ 
merus, by a tendon which iiirrounds it. The antefpinatus 
mufcle fills the whole (pace of the fcapula anterior to the 
fpinous ridge, adhering to its whole furface by flefliy 
fibres ; it terminates by a ftrong tendon on the head of 
the os humeri, covering entirely the protuberance repre¬ 
fer,ting the coracoid procefs. The communis mufcle is of 
confiderable length, and is common to the humerus and 
neck; the panniculus carnofus, or flefliy pannicle, forms 
flrong adhetions to this mufcle ; its fit A attachment is by 
a fm : ' t-_.de;. -- the fide of the atlas ; it there forms at¬ 
tachments to the mufcles of the neck by flefliy portions 
fent to them, and lower down the neck it fends off nmilar 
portions, mixed with tendon, to be inferred in the ob¬ 
lique procefles of the fourth, fifth, and fixth, cervical 
vertebrae ; pafling flefliy over the articulation of the hu¬ 
merus with the fcapula, it terminates on the anterior part 
of the humerus, about its middle, by a fliort tendon ; it 
fends off a large aponeurofis, which unites feveral mufcles 
together, forming at the joints the annular ligaments. 
Tliefe three mulcles come under the denomination oT 
extenfors. 
The peBoralis major takes its attachment along the fter- 
riurn and ribs, from the middle of it, between the fore¬ 
legs, to its polterior extremity ; growing fmaller as it ap¬ 
proaches the humerus, and terminating on the internal 
furface of the fuperior condyle of the humerus. The 
latijjimusdorfi is a great mufcle, fituated above the ferratus 
major, and under the panniculus carnofus ; its aponeurofis 
being covered by that of the trapezius. It takes its rife 
by a very flrong aponeurofis on the fpinous procefles of 
the laft dorfal verterbrtc, extending to the loins ; on the 
back it becomes flefliy about its middle, covering part of 
the falfe ribs, and part of the furface of the ferratus 
major; pafling between this laft mufcle and the fcapula, 
it terminates by a thin tendon on the lateral internal part 
of the humerus : it has likewife a ftrong attachment by 
tendon to the middle of the depreffor mufcle, pafling with 
the tendon of that mufcle to the fmall prominence on the 
inner fide, about the middle of the humerus, going be¬ 
tween the extenfors of the ulna. Th e depreffor, or teres 
major, is of great length, oval, and fomewhat flattened, 
lying on the under tide of the fcapula, and clofely em¬ 
bracing the fubfcapularis, having its attachment to the 
fuperior and polterior edge, ef the fcapula ; pafling over 
the articulation, it terminates by a flat tendon with the 
preceding mufcle, obferving the fame direction in its 
courfe as the long abdudtor does on the oppofite fide of 
this bone. Thefe three mufcles are dcprejfors or flexors of 
the humerus. 
AdduBor proprius feu coraco-humeralis , is a fmall mufcle, 
cylindrical, and tapering at each extremity, forming a ten¬ 
don ; the uppermolt takes its attachment to the lateral 
internal part of the coracoid procefs of the fcapula, the 
lower tendon to the inferior and anterior part of the hu¬ 
merus, pafling over the articulation, and in conta6t with 
the infide of that bone. This mufcle, acting fingly, draws 
the lower part of the humerus to the body, as the fubfca¬ 
pularis does the upper part of the fame bone. The pec~ 
toralis brevis is ftrongly attached to the panniculus carnofus. 
This mufcle forms the prominence between the fore-legs 
of the horfe ; it is of a figure nearly fquare. divifible into 
diftinft 
