Pdq 
FARRIERY. 
is partly fat, and partly glandular. By its glands the 
milk is ferreted from the blood, which is brought into it 
by the hypogaftric arteries; where, undergoing its lad re¬ 
finement, it is difcharged firft into its proper veficles, and 
then into the teats which convey it to the foal. Though 
tlie udder of the mare appears to be one undivided fub¬ 
ftance, yet, as in all animals, it is completely feparated, 
the veffels of one teat having no immediate communica¬ 
tion-with the veffels of the other. So that if a mare, by 
accident or difeafc, fhou'd lofe one fide of her udder, the 
foal may be nourifhed by the remaining dug. 
In the Farriery Plate X. are given diflintff delineations 
of the ftomach, with its cardiac and pyloric orifices; and 
of the mefentery, (hewing its veffels, and attachment to 
the duodenum. Fig. i, reprefents the ftomach diftended, 
m its natural pofition : a, the proper ftomachic arteries 
and veins; b, the covering of the peritoneum, or outward 
membrane; d, the pylorus; e, the cardiac orifice; f, the 
interior membrane of the ftomach. Fig. 2, the mefentery 
' and duodenum; <2, the mefentery; b, part of the duode¬ 
num; c, lacteal veffels; d, mefenteric arteries; c, mefen- 
teric veins. Fig. 3, a chiller of bots, as found in their 
larva ftate, upon the villofe coat of the ftomach. For 
further obfeivations on the abdominal vifcera, and the 
phyfiology or principles of generation, fee the article 
Anatomy, vol. i. p.528-617. 
OF THE FOOT. 
The mechanifm of the horfe’s foot, is perhaps one of the 
moft curious and important enquiries, that can poftibly 
intereft the attention of the phyfiologift; and it may be 
proper to remark, that this is the only genus of quadru¬ 
peds diflinguifhed by a whole or uncloven hoof. See the 
article Eqjjus, vol. vi. p. 885-890. It is probable that 
no other conftrudlion could endure the flrong preffure 
and nervous ftep of the horfe in his trot, or produce that 
equable combination of elaflic movements in his gallop, 
which enable him almoft to outftrip the wind. In fhort, 
the horfe’s foot poffeffes ail the parts and properties of 
the human foot, only that it is forefhortened and connect¬ 
ed together in a rounded form for luperior ftrength, and 
inclofed, as it were, in a box or horny cafe, to dqfendftt 
from external injuries. 
The parts effential to the horfe’s foot are, the wall 
or crufi, the foie , the frog, and the bars or binders. 
The upper part of the cruft is termed the coronet ; the 
lower part in front, the toe ; the Tides are called the quar¬ 
ters-, the quarters terminate in the keels, and the heels are 
connected with the frog. The cruft or wall grows from 
the coronet, and inftead of taking a perpendicular direc¬ 
tion, becomes oblique in its defeent, whereby it acquires 
a conical figure, being confiderably wider at the bafis than 
at the coronet. In a hoof recently feparated from the 
fcrtlible foot, an imriienfe number of fmall pores may be 
obferved in the groove which is found on the inlide of the 
coronet; into thefe pores the extremities of thofe. veffels 
v are inferred', which, fecrete and (apply the horny matter 
of the cruft or wall ; the whole of which appears to be 
pervaded-by a. fine fluid, deftined to preferve in the hoof 
its natural power of elafticity. All the internal furface of 
the cruft, except the groove above-mentioned, is covered 
by a beautiful laminated fubftance, much refembling the 
villous furface of a mufhroom; thefe are ihtenVoven with 
ftmilar laminae or membranes, which cover all the ante¬ 
rior and lateral furfaces of the fenlible foot, forming a 
fecure union between the cruft and the internal parts. 
Nor are thefe membranes diftibi'guifhed only by their great 
ftrength ; they pollefs likewife a confiderable-degree of 
elafticity, conftitu ting one of thofe curious fprings, which 
nature has provided to prevent concuflion when the ani¬ 
mal is in motion. That thefe lamina: form an union be¬ 
tween the cruft and fenfible foot, of (efficient ftrength to 
fupport the animal’s weight, has been proved, by remov¬ 
ing from a living horfe the bottom of the hoof, that is, 
the infenlible foils and frog; in this cafe, had the laminae 
been unable to fupport the horfe’s weight, the internal 
or fenfible foot muft have flipped through the hoof, fo as 
to come down upon the ground ; but this did not happen, 
and the foie, as it was re-produced, affumed its proper 
concave form. And therefore, as thefe laminae produce 
fo fecure an union between the cruft and the internal foot, 
it is evident that the weight of the horfe, in all his paces, 
is fupported, in his natural ftate, by the joint and equable 
bearings of the cruft, the foie, and the frog. 
The foie of the horfe’s foot is rather concave or hollow 
on its external furface, and confifts of a different kind of 
horn from that which forms tire cruft, being of a fcaly 
texture, and fomewhat foft and pulverable on its exterior 
furface; its ufe is to defend the fenfible foot that lies 
immediately within it : from its concave form the horfe 
is enabled to tread more firmly on the ground, and the 
fenlible parts are lefs expofed to blows or preffure thaa 
they would be, had it been made either flat or convex ; 
and being fomewhat flexible and elaftic towards the heels, 
it aftifts confiderably in the aflion of thofe curious fprings 
which are peculiar to the horfe’s foot. 
The frog is an infenlible fubftance, externally convex, 
and placed in the centre of the f ie, of a wedge-like form, 
pointed towards the toe, but expanded as it advances to 
the heels. In the centre of the broad part there is a fif- 
fure, or reparation. The frog is ccnnedled internally with 
another frog, of a fimilar figure, but different in ftruChire. 
The external frog is compofed of foft elaftic horn, and to¬ 
tally infenfible. The internal is much more elaftic than 
the external frog ; it has fenfation, is connected above 
with a fmall moveable bone, (by Come called the ftmttle 
bone,) and at the extremity of the heels with two ftrong 
elaftic cartilages. The toe of the fenfible frog is united 
to the coffin bone ; but more than nine tenths of both frogs 
are behind the coffin bone. The toes of the fenfible and 
horny frogs, from theft connection with the coffin bone, 
are fixed points, and have no motion ; but the heels of 
the frogs, being placed po fieri or to the coffin bone, and in 
contaCt with moveable elaflic fubftances, a very coufider- 
able lever is formed, and whenever the hoof comes in con¬ 
tact with the ground, the frog firft afeends, and then def* 
cends. The aicent of the frog expands the cartilage's, 
preferves the heels from contraction, and affords to the 
horfe an elaftic fpring : while its ivedge-like form prevents 
the animal from flipping whenever it embraces the ground. 
Anatomical enquiry into its internal ftruCture and connec¬ 
tion with other parts, and the fhape and convexity of the 
frogitfelf, clearly demonftrate that it was formed to come 
in contact with the ground, fo as to form an union with 
the wall or cruft, in fuftaining the weight and ftep of the 
horfe. 
The bars form two ridges, one on each fide of the frog, 
extending from the heel of the cruft towards the toe of the 
frog ; they appear to be a continuation of the cruft, being, 
like it, compofed of ftrong longitudinal fibres. At the 
part where it joins the cruft, a very firm bearing is 
afforded for the heel of the (hoe. The ufe of the bars 
is, to oppofe any difpofition in the hoof t’o '^ontraft, by 
ailing as props to the heels ; but in the common prac¬ 
tice of (hoeing they have been generally defiroyed ; for 
farriers have fuppofed that they bind the heels together, 
and prevent their expanfion; whence they have named 
them binders, and cut them away, in order to open the 
heels, as they fuppofed ;—this pra'Ctice, however, feems 
to be nearly abandoned. 
All the parts, of which the internal foot is compofed, 
are, as before obferved, endued with great fenfibilitv ; 
and fo nicely is it adapted to the cavity of the hoof, that 
it completely fills it, without fuffering the leaft inconve¬ 
nience from preffure. The whole anterior and lateral 
furfaces of the fenfible foot, are covered with that mem¬ 
branous or laminated fubftance, before deferibed ; but it 
differs from thofe lamince which are found on the inter¬ 
nal furface of the cruft, in yoffefling numerous blood- 
veffels which can be ealily injetled; but the laminae of 
