•o J F I L 
land, (where Ray found it on la Dolaz, one of the high 
points of mount Jura,) the Valais, Auftria, Carinthia, 
Carniola. Introduced in 1776, by profefTor de Saufflire. 
This fpecies varies, 1. In having a (lender root and 
•lliort leaves, whereas that has a large root and oblong 
leaves. 2. In having flowers of a very dark brown violet 
colour, whereas in the other they are pale yellow. Native 
of Italy, as on Monte Baldo near Verona, and in Germany. 
Probably in no wife different from the other. 
Propagation and Culture. All thefe, except the laft, are 
annual plants, and being conlidered as weeds, are never 
cultivated except in botanic gardens. They may be pro¬ 
pagated from feeds fovvn in the autumn or fpring, where 
they are to remain; and require no culture but to be 
thinned where they are too clofe, and to be kept clean 
from weeds. See Athanasia, Gnarhalium, aud Mi¬ 
cropus. 
FIL'AMENT,/. [ filament, Fr. filamenta, Lat.] A (len¬ 
der thread ; a body (lender and long like a thread.—The 
lungs of confumptive people have been confumed, no¬ 
thing remaining but the ambient membrane, and a num¬ 
ber of withered veins and filaments. Harvey. 
The ever-rolling orb’s impulfive ray, 
On the next threads and filaments does bear, 
Which form the fpringy texture of the air; 
And thofe dill (trike the next, till to the fight 
The quick vibration propagates the light. Blackmore. 
FILAN'DERS, f. [ filandres , Fr.] Worms fmall as 
threads, which lie in the reins of a hawk : alfo gins or 
nets for wild beads. 
FILANGE'RI (Gaetano), a learned Italian writer, 
born at Naples in 1752. Politics, moral philofophy, and 
legiflation, were the favourite objects of his ftudy. So 
early as 1771, he drew up the plan of a book on private 
and public education ; but neither this work, nor an¬ 
other, called Morality for Princes, were ever completed. 
Having afterwards applied to the law, in ccnfequence of 
the defire of his relations, he foon gave a favourable fpe- 
cimen of his talents. But, in 1777, by the advice of his 
uncle, ihe archbifhop of Naples, lie entered into the fer- 
vice of the court, and was appointed a-gentleman of the 
bed-chamber and an officer in the royal corps of volun¬ 
teers in the marine fervice. Amidft the fplendour of a 
court, however, he devoted all his fpare moments, and 
often whole nights, to the continuation of his philofophi- 
cal (Indies. In 1780, he began to publiffi bis work on 
Legiflation, the whole of which was to confift of (even 
books. In the firft he purpofed to explain the general rules 
of legiflation ; in the fecond, civil and economical laws ; 
in the third, criminal laws; in the fourth, legiflation, 
as far as it concerns education, morals, and public in- 
ftrudtion ; in the .fifth, ecclefiaffical laws; in the fixtli, 
laws refpetfting property ; and, in the feventh, thofe laws 
which relate to paternal authority and good order in fa¬ 
milies. In 1782, various marks of favour w'ere conferred 
Upon him ; and, with the permiflion of his (overeign, he 
retired from civil as well as military employment, that 
he might devote his whole time to the completing of 
his work, at his country houfe, near la Cava, a few miles 
from Naples, where he refided till the twenty-third of 
March, 1787, when he was appointed to a place in the 
the royal college of finance. In this fituation he ap¬ 
peared with great advantage as a ftatefman, and many 
wife and ufeful eftablifhments were formed in confequence 
of hints which he fnggefted ; but while employed in the 
arrangement of thefe extenfive plans, he was feized with 
a putrid fever, and died on the 2zd of July, when he had 
fcarcely attained to the thirty-feventh year of his age. 
Few w orks of modern times have been fo generally read, 
fought after and praifed, as the Scienza della Legijlatione, 
which firff appeared at Naples in 1780. Since that pe¬ 
riod it has gone through ten editions, three at Naples, 
three at Venice, two at Florence, one at Milan, and one 
at Catania in Sicily, 'there are alfo two German trail- 
F I L 
flations of it, one by Link, an advocate of Nuremberg, 
and the other by Gufferman of Vienna; and two French 
Laudations, one of which is by Gallois. It has even been 
tranflated into Spanifli by Don I. Rubio. Several copies 
of this work were fent to America by the author, at the 
requeft of Dr. Franklin, who (aid that his fellow-citizens 
had derived much ufeful information from it. 
FILA'RIA,yi in helmintology, a genus belonging to 
the order of vermes inteftina, the characters of which are 
as follow : body round, filiform, equal, and quite fmooth ; 
mouth dilated, with a roundiih concave lip. Eighteen 
fpecies of this worm are now afeertained, and are divided 
into four families or claffes, viz. 
I. Infefting the mammalia, of which there are five 
fpecies, viz. The fafciola ntedinenfis ; body entirely pale 
yeliowi(h. It is the gordius medinenfis of the Syftema 
Naturae Linn. It inhabits both the Indies, where it is 
called dracunculus ; and is frequent in the morning dew p 
from whence it infinuates itfelf under the cuticle of the 
naked feet of the Haves, and creates the moil troublefome 
itchings, fometimes accompanied with inflammation and 
fever: it nwft be cautioufly drawn out by means of a 
piece of filk tied round its head ; for if, by being too much 
ftrained, the animal (hould break, the part remaining 
under the (kin grows with redoubled vigour, and occa- 
fions often a fatal inflammation-. It is frequently twelve 
feet longj.^nd not much larger than a horfe-hair. See 
the article Dracunculus, vol. vi. p. 51.—Filaria equi; 
body tapering behind ; tail finely pointed and incurved : 
found in the cellular membrane of horfes, in India and 
South America; and perhaps in all warm climates.—Fi¬ 
laria leonis ; found in the cellular membrane of the lion. 
—Filaria martis ; found in the cellular membrane of the 
marten.—Filaria leporis; found in the cellular membrane 
of hares. 
II. Infefting birds.—Of thefe there are five fpecies # 
viz. Filaria falconis; found in the cellular membrane 
about the abdomen and thighs of hawks, conftituting the' 
difeafe called filanders.—F. ftrigls; found in the cellular 
membrane about the head and ears of owls.—F. cornicis j 
found about the crop of crows.—F. ciconia ; found in the 
cellular membrane of the ftork.—F. gallina:; body capil¬ 
lary, and about two inches long : found in poultry. 
III. Infefting infefts in their perfect date.—Of thefe 
there are five fpecies, viz. Filaria fcarabsei; found in the 
fcarobams firnetarius.—F. Alpha:; found in the filpha ob- 
feura.—F. carabi; found in the carabus.—F.grylli; found 
in the gryllus or cricket.—F. monoculi; found in the 
monoculus apus. 
IV. Infefting the larvae of infects.—Of thefe there are 
three fpecies, viz. Filaria lepidopterorum; having the tail 
hooked. Of this there are the following eleven varie¬ 
ties : 1. Body white ; found in the papilio polychlorus. 
2. Body yellowifti-grey ; found in the papilio urtica. 3. 
Bodywhite; found in the papilio betuiae. 4. Body white; 
found in the papilio quercus. 5. Found in the fphinx eu- 
phorbiae. 6 . Bodywhite; found in the phalaena quercus. 
7. Body chefnut; found in the phalaena caja. 8. Found 
in the phalaena ziczac. 9. Found in the phalxna nupta. 
10. Found in the phalaena pfi. n. Found in the phalaena 
pellionella.—This dwells under the Ikin of the larvae, and 
is very deftructive to them ; is fometimes folitary, and 
from four to feven inches long: body glabrous, hard, ta¬ 
pering both ways, but more obtufe on the fore-part, de¬ 
fended as it were with three oblong lips.—Filaria tenthre- 
dinis; found in the larvae of the tenthredo.—Filaria pliry- 
ganeae ; found in the larvae of the phryganea, or caddy 
moth.—All the worms of this genus are more or lefs in 
the form of a hair. 
FIL'BERT, f. [This is derived by Junius and Skinner 
from the long beards or hulks, as corrupted from full 
beard or full of beard. It probably had its name, like many 
other fruits, from Come one that introduced or cultivated 
it; and is therefore corrupted from Filbert or Filibert, the 
name of him who brought it hither.] A fine hazel nut with 
4 a thin 
