414 
FISHERY. 
dantly in 1417, when even our Engl ifh fliips retorted to 
that coaft for herrings. There are many remarkable in- 
ftances of the natural removes of the herring fifhery, re¬ 
corded in different writers. We (hall here give the fol¬ 
lowing paragraph from an oTavo book printed at London 
in 1701, entitled “ An Account of Livonia and Cour- 
land wherein it is fet forth, “ that the great herring 
fifhery was at firft on the Livonian and Courland fhores, 
where thofe fifhes continued till the year 1313; thence 
they drew to the Danifh' coafts, chiefly near Schonen, 
where there has been fuch ftiqals and plenty of them, that 
they have been catched with hands. Thefe fifli at times 
feem to love change of place ; for from thence they re¬ 
moved to Norway. Not content there, they advanced 
Hill further, and fettled on the Britifh coafts, where they 
have ever fince continued tq refort.” 
It is evident, however, that the herring migrated to 
the fhores of England long before the period above-men¬ 
tioned, though perhaps not in fuch myriads; for in the 
year 1 234, three perfons held thirty acres of land in Carle- 
ton, in the county of Norfolk, “ by the fervice of bring¬ 
ing the king, whenever he (hall be in that part of Eng¬ 
land, twenty-four pafties of frefn herrings, at their firft 
coming in.” For many ages this fifli was in the greateft 
abundance upon thofe fhores, and which certainly gave 
rife to the great herring fair at Yarmouth, where they 
were pickled and falted down. The invention of gilling 
and pickling herrings in calks or barrels, is attributed to 
William Buckelem or Bukelens, of the ifle of Eiervliet, 
near Sluys in Flanders, who died in 1397, and left behind 
him the receipt, which Iras been followed down to the 
prefent time. 
We have already noticed the various removes of the 
principal flroals of herrings in the feas of Europe; and 
which at laft fixed their delight on the coafts of the Britifh 
ocean. Yet, as what has once happened, may hereafter 
happen again, we muff not be fiirprifed if thofe delicious 
fifh fhould again remove their favours to fome other coaft. 
In 1730, the herring fifliers were ferioufly alarmed by the 
expectation of fuch an event; for many flroals of herrings 
from the north were then obferved to come fouthward 
near two months before their accuftomed time. Iir the 
feas between England and Ireland great flroals of them 
were taken in July that year, not only off the Frith of 
Clyde in Scotland, and off Londonderry in the north of 
Ireland ; but alfo as far fouth as the bays of Dublin and 
Wexford. Had this humour of the herrings continued 
or increafed in fucceeding years, it might poflibly have 
diminifhed their numbers in the ufual northern parts: 
but nothing of the kind has fince happened. In Ireland, 
the herring fifhery was fo confiderable at Lough Swilly 
in 1781, that 147 bounty veflels expended in the cure of 
fifli 1914 tons of fait; which fait cured in bulk 57,420 
maize of herrings, or .15,000 fifh to one ton of fait. In 
the fame year 117 veflels from Liverpool and the Ifle of 
Man purchafed cargoes in Lough Swilly for their red- 
lierring lroufes. They purchafed and royaled, with the 
fait they brought, 49,950 maize or barrels, which paid 
22,487!. 10s.—For the natural hiftory and migrations of 
the herring, with figures of fome beautiful fpecies, and 
the method of curing, drying, pickling, &c. fee the article 
Cl.upea, vol. iv. p. 686-693. 
The Pilchard, Sprat, and Anchovy, being only 
different fpecies of the herring, the method of taking and 
curing them, witir all particulars relative to their hiftory 
and migration, may be feen under the fame generic title 
Clupea. 
Salmon Fishery. —This fine fifli conftitutes a 1110ft 
important article of commerce in many countries, parti¬ 
cularly in JDngland, Scotland, and Ireland, in the rivers, 
and fea-coafts adjoining io the river-mouths. The molt 
diftinguifhed rivers for falmon in Scotland are, the Tweed, 
the Clyde, the Tay, the Dee, the Don, the Spey, the 
'No fs, the Bewiy, &c. in mod of which it is very common, 
about the height of fummer,. efpecially if the weather 
happens to be very hot, to catch four or five fcore falmon- 
at a draught. The chief rivers in England for falmon; 
are, the Tyne, the Trent, the Severn, the V/ye, and the 
Thames. The fifliing is performed with nets, and fome- 
times with locks or weirs made on purpofe, which in cer¬ 
tain places have iron or wooden grates fo difpofed, in an 
angle, that, being impelled by any force in a contrary di~ 
rediion to the courfe of the river, they may give way and 
open a little at the point of contaft, and immediately (but 
again, clofing the angle. The falmon, therefore, coming 
up into the rivers, are admitted into thefe grates, which 
open, and fuffer them to pafs through, but flint again, 
and prevent their return. The falmon is alfo caught with 
a fpear, which they dart into him as he fwims near the 
furface of the water. It is cuftomary likewife to catch 
them with a candle and lanthorn, or wifp of draw fet on 
fire; for the fifh naturally following the light, are (truck, 
with the fpear, or taken in a net fpread for that purpofe, 
and lifted with a hidden jerk from the bottom. The 
capture of falmon in the Tweed, about the month of July, 
is prodigious. In a good fifhery, often a boat-load, and 
fometimes near two, are taken in a tide ; fome few years 
ago there were above feven hundred fifli taken at one 
haw], but from fifty to one hundred is very frequent. 
The coopers in Berwick then begin to fait both falmon 
and gilfes in pipes and other large veflels, and aftervvards- 
barrel them for exportation. 
Mod of the falmon taken before April, or to the fetting 
in of the warm weather, is fent frefti to London in bafkets; 
unlefs now and then the veffel is difappointed by contrary 
winds of failing immediately ; in which cafe the filh is- 
brought afhore again to the coopers’ offices, and boiled, 
pickled, and kitted, and fent to the London markets by 
the fame fliip, and frefh falmon put in the bafkets in lieu 
of the ftale ones. The feafon for fifliing in the Tweed 
begins the 30th of November, but- the fiftiermen work very 
little till after Chriftmas : it ends on Michaelmas-day ; yet 
the corporation of Berwick (who are confervators of the. 
river) indulge the fiftiermen with a fortnight paft that 
time, on account of the change of the ftyle. There are 
on that river forty-one confiderable fifheries, extending 
upwards about fourteen miles from the mouth (the others 
above being of no great value), which are rented for near 
5400I. per annum: the expence attending the fervants 
wages, nets, boats, See. amounts to 5000I. more ; which to¬ 
gether makes up the fum 10,400k Now, in confequence,, 
the produce muff defray all, and no lefs than twenty times 
that fum of fifli will effect it; fo that 208, ooq falmon muff, 
be annually caught there on an average. 
In the conveyance of falmon a great improvement has.- 
taken place of late years, by packing them in pounded, 
ice inftead of draw ; by this method they are prefented 
nearly as frefli at the London market as when taken out 
of the river ; and t lie ice is then fold to paftry-cooks, &c. 
to confiderable advantage. For the purpofe of keeping 
up a conftant and regular fupply, veflels called /macks fail 
three times a-week, and, being purpofely conftrudted for. 
fwift failing, frequently make their run in forty-eight 
hours: thefe veflels are from 70 to 120. tons burthen ; 
twelve men on an average are employed in each; they, 
make about fourteen voyages in a year; and not lefs than 
feventy five boats and three hundred fiftiermen are em¬ 
ployed in taking the fifli in the river Tweed alone. As a 
proof of the value of the falmon fifheries on the Scottifh 
coaft, it may be mentioned, that the duke of Gordon’s 
fiflieries on the river Spey, which yielded (by a leafe 
which expired in 1802) 250.0I. fterling annually, have 
been again let for 7000I. a-year, on a leafe which is (till 
thought likely to yield fufficient profits to the tenants. 
The north of Ireland particularly abounds with this, 
fifti : the moft confiderable fifhery is at Cranna, on the ri¬ 
ver Ban, about a mile and a half from Coleraine. “ The 
mouth of this river, (fays Mr. Pennant,) faces the north; 
and is finely fituated to receive the fifh that roam along 
the coaft in fearch of. an inlet into fome frefli water, as 
they 
