FIS] 
they do all along that end of the kingdom which oppofes 
itfelf to the northern ocean. We have feen near Balli- 
caflle, nets placed in the tea at the foot of the promon¬ 
tories that jut into it, which the falmon flrike into as they 
are wandering clofe to fhore ; and numbers are taken by 
that method. In the Ban they fifli with nets eighteen 
fcore yards long, and are continually drawing night and 
day the whole feafon, which we think lads about four 
months, two fetsof fixteen men each alternately relieving 
one another. The bed time for drawing is when the tide 
is coming in : we were told, that at a fingle draught there 
were once 840 fifh taken. A few miles higher up the 
river is a wear, where a confiderable number of fifli that 
efcape the nets are taken. We were informed, that, in 
1760, about 320 tons were taken in the Crar^a fithery.” 
The falmon fidiery is now alfo pretty confiderable in 
Norway, efpecially fince large nets have been in ufe ; 
thefe nets are ftretched along the banks in form of arcs 
and triangles, and fometimes they take as many as three 
hundred fifh at a haul ; it is not uncommon for them to 
carry into Bergen in one day two thoufand frefh falmon. 
The Norwegians have a peculiar method of drawing the 
falmon to their fliores: they cover the rocks fo as to make 
them look of the colour of waves running into the lea, 
which the falmon will follow. In the parilh of Chriflian- 
fand in Norway, between fome very fteep rocks, there is a 
remarkable and dangerous falmon-filhery in the river 
Mandal, near Bieland-bridge, which is built on piles pro¬ 
truding into the river. Not far from the bridge, to the 
north, the river forms a large cataradf over a hollow rock. 
Tlie fifliermen venture into this hollow, on ofier bafkets 
which are made fad to one of the piles to prevent their 
being fwallowed up in the gulph ; if this pile breaks, 
the menarelod; if they run againd the rocks, which has 
often happened, they are dragged out half dead by their 
companions; but if the beam holds firm, they fvvim on 
their rafts of ofier, into the inmod hollows of the rocks, 
where the falmons abide: they drive them thence, to the 
number of twenty or more at a time, and their companions 
catch them as they come out. Many are alfo taken in 
Sweden, and in the Gulph of Bothnia, near Laponia ; 
they are found likewife in thofe frefh .waters which run 
from the mountains upon the melting of the fnoiv. In 
Holland, at the mouth of the Rhine and Meufe, falmon 
are taken in plenty, as alfo near Schonhoren from the 16th 
of May till the 10th of June. 
Dr. Schaepf law this fifh in the river Connefticut in 
America ; there they pickle it, and then carry it to New 
York. It refembles the European in fize and fade ; but, 
according to this author, it is not found in the rivers of 
South America. They are taken fron time to time in Green¬ 
land. According to profed'ur Falck, falmon are taken, but 
not frequently, in the Wolchow, near Novogorod. The 
tartars tan the Ikin, and make clothes of it. The falmon- 
peel, trout, &c. are fpecies of this fi(h.—For the method 
of curing, feafon of migrating, and other circumdances 
of its natural hidory, with correcl Engravings of feveral 
fpecies, fee the article Salmo, in this Encyclopaedia. 
Mackrel F'ishery. —The mackrel conditutes one 
tribe of thofe migratory fidies which annually vifit our 
coad ; and it is perhaps among the mod celebrated of that 
clafs both for its numbers, and the delicacy of its food. 
They are gregarious in their habits; and while other 
fidies continue in our vicinity nearly all the year, thefe in 
a compadt band vifit their accudomed haunts at dated 
l'eafons only, and with fo much regularity, that we can 
pronounce alniod with certainty the time of their ap¬ 
pearance. Some have imagined^ that we owe the vifits 
of the whiting, the haddock, and the mackrel, rather to 
their fears than their appetite ; and that they are driven 
upon our coads in endeavouring to avoid the purfuit of 
their dedroyers. It is, however, more probable, that 
they approach the fhore in qued of food, which is found 
in greater plenty there than in the depths of the fea. 
From the delicacy of its lliape, and the extreme bril- 
3ER.Y, 415 
liancy of its colours, it is' by far the mod beautiful filh- 
tli?t frequents our coads. Death in fome meafure im¬ 
pairs the colours, but by no means’obliterates them, lit 
vifits our fhores in vad dioals ; but, from being very ten¬ 
der, and unfit for long carriage, is found lefs ufeful than 
the other migratory fifh. It is the only fifh allowed to he 
publicly fold during divine fervice on a Sunday in Eng¬ 
land. In fome places it is taken by lines from boats, as 
during a frefli gale of wind commonly called a mackrel 
gale, it readily takes a bait. It is neceflary lor the boat 
to be in motion in order to drag the bait along, which is 
ufually a bit of red cloth, or a piece of the tail of a niack- 
rel, kept near the furface of the water. In mod parts 
mackrel are fifhed for with nets. One man fixes a pole 
into the fund near the fea, to which he fadens one end of 
a long net. Another in a boat takes the other end of the 
•net, and rows round in a circuit as far as the length of 
the net will allow, and then to the fhore. He runs the 
boat agfound ; then depping into the water drags the net 
afhore ; and on a fignal given, they both together haul it 
out of the fea, and thus often catch three or four hundred 
fifh at a fingle haul. 
The mackrel fifhing is ufually in the months of April, 
May, and June, and even July, according to the place. 
They enter the Englifii channel in April, and proceed pp 
to the draits of Dover as the fummer advances; fo that 
by June they are on the coads of Cornwall, Suflex, Nor¬ 
mandy, Picardy, &c. where the fidiery is mod confider- 
able. The rules adopted in fi filing for mackrel, are much 
the fame as thofe obferved in thefilhery of herrings. Mack¬ 
rel are not with 11s cured or exported as merchandize, ex¬ 
cept a few by the Yarmouth and Leoftodf merchants, but 
ace generally confumed at home ; efpecially in the city of 
London, and the fea-ports between the Thames and Yar¬ 
mouth, ead, and the land’s end of Cornwall, wed. 
The Dutch have alfo a confiderable trade in mackrel ; 
and they are plentiful in their markets during the months 
of J tine and Augufl.-—They appear on the coads of Norway 
in the fpring, to the great diipleafure of the fifhermen, as 
they purfue the herring with greedinefs; and as they go 
from one harbour to another, they often fcare thole fifh, 
'find feveral of both forts are caught together. 
The Tunny is alfo a fpecies of the Scomber, notwith- 
danding the difparily of its fize to the common mackrel. 
The tunny-fifhery is performed with a peculiar kind of 
net, in France called mandrague , (from an enclo- 
fure,) in Italy -tonnaro, from the name of the fifh ; but 
Cepede diflinguifnes the mandrague fro-m the tonnaro, 
the former being upon a larger feale. The principal 
fiflierman is called rais, or commander; and this man 
ought to have a thorough knowledge of his bufinefs ; he 
dtould know the very nature and habits of the fifli; 
diould be acquainted with the depths and elevations of 
the water, and with.the colours that may be ufeful in the 
fidiery : then, according to a plan previoufiy matured, he 
mud be able to form an immenfe edifice with a net fprqad 
out with folidity and fwiftnefs in the open fea; infomuch 
that, even in cafe of a dorm, it may be as firm as a rock. 
This fidiery begins in April : their tonnaros are a kind of 
maritime fortrefs, raifed at a great expence, with large 
nets fixed to the bottom of the fea by means of anchors 
and leaden weights. Some idea of their extent may be 
gained by what is aderted by Cetti, who fays that in a 
little light ten-oared boat, he was three quarters of an 
hour going in from one end to the other. When the 
fidiermen come on-board,^they are received with a falute 
of cannon. The tonnaros are generally raifed between a 
rock and an ifland, in which fituation the greated quan¬ 
tities of this fifli are ufually found. The entrance is care¬ 
fully clofed with nets, a fmall paflTage excepted which 
they call “ the outer door of the tonnaro.” This door 
leads into the firfl room, or parlour, as it is called. When 
the fifli have got into tlie parlour, the fifliermen, who are 
on the watch, flint the outer door by dropping a piece of 
netting, fo as to-hinder them from going back. Then 
