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646 
quantity cf chyie that can be collefted from any animal, 
not more than ounce or two, at the vety mod, from one, 
even of the larged animals. However, the part coagu¬ 
lating on extravafation, the part agreeing with ferum in 
its qualities ; the globular part, which in fome animals, 
but not in quadrupeds, exifts without giving whivenefs to 
the chyle alone, or along with fugar, form the eflential 
parts of the chyle. 
“ A great many fubfhmces may enter the laTeals along 
with the chyle, even folids reduced to fine powder. VVlien 
indigo has been thrown into the inteftine of a flieep, 1 have 
feen the chyle rendered quite blue : now indigo is not 
foluble in water, but is a folid reduced into a very fine 
powder. So mufk gets into the chyle giving it a drong 
fmell, and a great variety of other fubdances of various 
colours, various tades, and various fmells, each of them 
giving colour, or tade, or fmell, to the chyle. Neverthe- 
lefs the ladteals feem to poffefs fome power of rejetdion, 
fmee green vitriol, either exhibited along with the food, 
or thrown into the intedine after the animal has been 
opened while chyle was forming and abforbing, gives no 
colour on infufion of gall being applied to the chyle ; 
nor if galls be thrown into the domach along with the 
food ; or if an infufion of them be in like manner thrown 
into the intedine, when an animal is opened during the 
time that the chyle is flowing into the la£teals,do they give 
any colour upon a folution of green vitriol being applied 
to the chyle ; the galls might be fuppofed to be digeded, 
but the green vitriol could not ; neither can we well be¬ 
lieve that the galls could be digeded when thrown into a 
portion of the jejunum of about a foot in length tied at 
both ends. The ladteals, therefore, would feem to be 
ready to take in many things not digeded, but not all. 
One would be difpofed to believe that what was injurious 
to the fy deni would be rejected by this power ; yet when 
we condder the great reafon we have to believe that can- 
tharides, mercury, and many other fubdances,are abforbed 
by them, which certainly are in many cafes deleterious, 
we cannot well ground any doifitine on green vitriol and 
galls not being abforbed. 
“ The fubdances pointed out to be the eflential parts 
of the chyle, are totally different in all their propertios 
from farinaceous matter, as well as the greated part of the 
other fubdances employed for food. A change confe- 
quently of the properties of the fubdances employed for 
food mud take place in the organs of digedion, fo as to 
convert the food into thefe different fubdances efientially 
contained in the chyle. And here it may be remarked, 
that the acidity which exids in fome domachs for -taking 
food, is not a confequence of digedion, but is occafioned 
by digedion not proceeding properly ; and thus part of 
the food eludes the power of the domach, and runs into 
fermentation. With refpetl to putrefaction, it certainly 
is not the operation carried on in the domach during di¬ 
gedion. In this office of the digedive powers it is ob- 
ierved, that a piece of mufcle or flefli, and the chyle, 
contain the fame elementary parts ; this is feen by putting 
each into a retort, and diddling it by itfelf ; there will 
come over empyreumatic oil, volatile alkali, and water; 
and charcoal will remain in the retort. It appears then 
that the flefh and the chyle do not differ from one another 
in any other refpedf, excepting that the elements of which 
they both equally confifi, are. united by one mode of com¬ 
bination in the fled), and in another mode of combination 
in the chyle ; that the converfion, therefore, of the 
fled) into the chyle is a feparation of its elements from one 
another, and a recombination of them in a different man¬ 
ner, fo that the compound fhal 1 have new properties. 
“ By a parity of reafoning it may be proved, that all 
animal food in being digeded or converted into chyle, has 
the effeft produced by a feparation of its elementsjrom 
one another, and recombination of tfiem in a different 
•ananner, fo as to form a chyle, a new compound ; and 
likevvile, fince by putrefabfion farinaceous matter and all 
®ther vegetable food may be made to yield exadly the 
7 O O 
fame fubdances with animal fubdances, particularly with 
chyle ; that is, nitrous and muriatic acids, volatile alkali, 
water, volatile he par fulphuris, gas, inflammable air, 
calcareous-and argillaceous earths ; as thefe are the fame, 
whether vegetable food or chyle be putrefied, it follows 
that vegetable food likewife Contains the fame elements 
with chyle, and that thefe elements are only feparated 
from one another, and re-combined in fuch manner as to 
produce and become chyle. Digedion, therefore is per¬ 
formed on fubdances containing ail the elements of chyle. 
Thefe fubdances therefore, have their elements feparated 
from one another by the effects of the domach, and other 
organs of digedion, occafioning in them a decompofition 
and recombination of their elements into a new fubdance. 
But, though the procefs of the domach is by far the 
mod eflential to digedion, yet the food is not in it con¬ 
verted into chyle. The fubdance elaborated in the do¬ 
mach from the food, is again decompofed, and, in the 
duodenum and jejunum, is recombined into chyle. See 
Anatomy, vol. i. p. 613, and 632; and for the edential 
properties of animal and vegetable fubdances, fee Che¬ 
mistry, vol. iv. p. 320, and 356. 
FOOD'FUL, adj. Frui.ful; full of food ; plenteous ; 
There Tityus was to fee, who took his birth 
From heav’n, his nurfing from the foodful earth. Dryden. 
FOO'DY, adj. Eatable; fit for food. Not ufed: 
To veffels, wine (lie drew ; 
And into well lew’d facks pour’d foody meal. Chapman. 
FOOL, f. \_ffol, Welch ; fol, Iflandic; fol, Fr.] One 
to whom nature has denied reafon ; a natural; an idiot. 
—He thanks his dars he was not born a fool. Pope. 
The fool multitude, that chufe by fiiow, 
Not learning more than the fond eye doth teach, 
Which pry not to the interior. Skakejpeare . 
[In Scripture.] A wicked man.—The /co/hath Did in his 
heart, There is no God. Pf. xiv. 1.—A term of indignity 
and reproach.—To be thought knowing, you mud fird 
put the foci upon all mankind. Dryden —One who conn, 
terfeits folly ; a buffoon ; a jefier.—Where’s my knave, 
my fool! Go you, and call my fool hither. Skakejpeare. 
“ A Fool’s bolt is foon (hot.”—The indruftion meant 
to be inculcated by this proverb confids in governing the 
tongue with diferetion and prudence. It is a ledfure of 
deliberation, courtefy, and affability, in company ; of 
fidelity and fecrecy in confidential affairs. The proverb 
feems to be as old as Solomon. Prov. xxix. 11.— Quici/uid 
in liuccam venerit iffutit, fay the Latins. De foljuge brhve 
fenter.ee , fay the French. 
“ Every man hath a Fool in his fleeve.”—Meaning 
that no man is wife at all times. 
“ As the Fool thinks, fo the bell links or clinks.”—■ 
Quod valde volumusfacile credimus, fay the Latins : what we 
eagerly detire we are apt to believe, however unfounded 
or improbable. 
“ Everyman at forty is a Fool or a phyfician.”—The 
proverb fuppofes that every ditcreet man has by that age 
acquired fuch a knowledge of his own conditution, as to 
direft him in the prudent care of it—or he mud in fenfe 
be deficient indeed ! 
To play the Fool. To play pranks like a hired jeder; 
to jed ; to make fport.—I returning where I left his 
armour, found another indead thereof, and armed myfelf 
therein to play the fool. Sidney. —To adt like one devoid of 
common und'erdanding.—Well, thus we play the fools with 
the time, and the fpirits of the wife fit in the clouds and 
mock us. Shakefpcare. 
To make a Fool of. To difappoint; to defeat.—’Twere 
as good a deed as to drink when a man's a-hungry, to 
challenge him to the field, and then to break promife 
with him, and make a fool o/Tiim. Skakejpeare. 
To FOOL, v. n. To trifle ; to toy ; to play ; to idle ; 
to fport.—Is this a time ior fooling? Dryden. 
Fool 
