£92 F O R T I F I 
c ation with the main work, and which are defended from 
*he faid main work, it is then called an entrenchment with■ 
lunettes. When.the line advances in an indented or ferrated 
form, it is called an indented intrenchment, or intrenchmenten 
cremailliere. 
A fort is a place furronnded by a'bread-work or para¬ 
pet. Forts receive different appellations', according to 
their figure, and to the number of their Tides or faces.—A 
fort vvhofe figure is a circle, is called a round or circular 
fort ; and it is (aid to be a triangular, fquare, pentagonal, 
or hexagonal fort, according as it has three, four, five, or 
fix, Tides or faces.—When the circumference of a fort is 
compofed of lines forming alternate faliant and re-enter¬ 
ing angles, it is called a flar fort, and likewife receives the 
appellation of a fquare ftar fort, of a pentagonal or hexa¬ 
gonal (far fort, according as its faliant angles are four, five, 
lix, &c. in number. 
Redoubts .—All works that have no flanked defence of 
their own, are called redoubts. Half-redoubt, f echo, or ar¬ 
row, is a fmall work with only two faces, which form a 
faliant angle. Redoubts en cremailliere are To denominated 
from their figure, w hich refembles a pot-hanger, or the 
tooth of a Taw, 
Tetes-dc-pont are works that are made of various forms, 
and intended both to cover bridges of communication, 
and to contain the troops which are deftined to protedl the 
movements of a body of troops, either when forcing their 
paflage over a river, or when repairing it on their retreat. 
A parapet is an elevation of earth thrown up round a 
fortified place, and which, owing to its height and thick- 
refs, ferves to proteft the men who are to defend it againft 
every attack from the enemy, and efpecially againft the 
fire of his muflcetry and artillery. The parapet is made 
to form an acute angle with the horizontal bafe of the 
work. The (lope of the Tides is called the interior and ex¬ 
terior fopc or talus of the parapet. The upper furface of 
the parapet is called the fummit or crown. The (lope of 
the upper furface is called the talus of the futnmitof the para¬ 
pet, or Amply, the fopc or talus. As the height of the 
parapet exceeds that of the men who are to defend the 
work, an elevation of earth is made immediately behind,and 
at the foot of it, which is called banquette ; this elevation, 
which the foldiers mount when they are to fire, enables 
them to fire over the parapet. To render the afeent of 
the banquette more eafy, a (lope is given to its inner fide, 
which is called the talus of the banquette. A fmall (pace 
left between the foot of the parapet and the ditch, is 
called the berm, and is intended to prevent the giving way 
cf the fcarp. 
The ditch is made on the otitfide of the parapet, in order 
to procure the earth that is required for the formation of 
the parapet, as alfo to oppofe an additional obftacle to the 
enemy. Both Tides of the ditch have a dope or talus : 
that of the inner fide is called the fcarp ; that of the outer 
fide, the counterfcarp. 
The covert way is a fpace left between the counterfcarp 
and the glacis. 
The glacis is a kind of parapet raifed up beyond the 
ditch, the fummit of which isufiially continued outwards 
in a gentle dope, gradually decreafing till it meets the 
furface of the ground. 
Palifades, is a name given to one or feveral lines of fquare 
Hakes, pointed at the top, and driven two or three feet 
deep in the ground ; thele are joined together near the 
top with laths, which are faftened to them with rivetted 
nails. 
Fraifes, are a kind of palifades placed nearly in an ho¬ 
rizontal direction in the revetement of the parapet. 
C/uvaux de f ife, are fquare beams through which ftakes 
four inches thick are driven in an oblique diredtion, fo as 
to crofs each other, and to ftretch out as much on one fide 
as on the other, in Inch a manner that two rows of ftakes 
hang in the ground, and the other two are oppofed to an 
enemy. 
CATION. 
, Trous-de-loup, are holes pointed at the bottom, in the mid- 
ale of which a ftake pointed at the top is two feet lower 
than the top of the hole : trous-de-loup are often placed in 
front of tfie parapet, and about (ixteen or twenty feet 
from the counterfcarp. 
Crow’s feet, or chaufie-trappcs, are pieces of iron with four 
points, each a tew inches, and fo formed that in what 
manner foever they may be throw n, one of the points al¬ 
ways remains upwards. ”1 hey are frequenily oppofed to 
an enemy’s cavalry. 
An ab'attis is formed by means of trees cut down, placed 
clofe by and over one another, fo that their heads are- 
prefented towards the enemy and their trunks- towards 
the work. 
Fougaffcs, are fmall mines whofe chamber is funk but a- 
few feet deep. 
Battery. —-Pieces of cannon placed adjacent to one ane* 
ther behind a parapet, form a battery .—There are two 
different kinds of batteries, namely, batteries with, embra - 
fares, and batteries en barbette. 
Embrafures are openings in the parapet, from which the’ 
guns are fired. Where the guns are fired overa parapet 
without embrafures, it is called firing en barbette. 
Enfilade. A work is faid to be enfiladed, when a gun 
may fire into it, fo that the (hot may run all along the in- 
fide of the parapet. This was a contrivance of the ingeni-. 
otis Vauban, v\ ho called it ricochet firing. 
Crofs fire, is the fire of two or more adjoining Tides, when 
crolfing each other. 
Plunging or fichant fire, is that which proceeds front 
a fpot more elevated than that upon which the fire ia 
directed. 
Grazing, or rafantfire, is that which is (hot from a fpot 
on a level, or nearly To, with the objedl againft which it 
is directed. A work, or an intrenchment, is faid to be 
battered in front, when the (hot or ball arrives in a perpen¬ 
dicular direclion, or nearly To, with its front line. It is 
faid to be battered in echarpe when the direction of the 
ball or (hot forms a feniible acute angle with the frontline 
of the work. When the diredtion runs along the prolong- 
ment of the front line of the work, it is faid to be battered 
in flank. A work is battered in rear when the (hot or ball 
hits its rear in a direction perpendicular, or nearly fo, with 
its front line. And, it is battered in reverfe, when the 
line of direction of the fhot or ball forms (in the rear) a 
fenfible acute angle with the front line of the work. 
A breach, is an opening made in a wall or parapet with 
cannon or mines, fufnciently wide for a body of troops to 
enter into the work, and drive the enemy from it. 
Epaulement, is a kind of parapet ufually conftrudted to 
cover the troops. 
Revetement, is a lining generally made in the field, and 
compofed of fafeines or fods, fometimes of hurdles of 
willow twigs woven together in the manner of bafleet- 
work, the object of which is to fupport the interior, and 
fometimes the exterior (ideof the parapet. 
Traverfe, is a parapet made within field or other works 
to cover their entrance, or when there are any hills or 
rifing ground from which the infide of the works may be 
difeovered. 
Fafcine, \% a kind of common faggot made of branches 
tied in two or more places, of about fix or eight inches 
diameter. 
SauciJfon y is a fafeine which is longer than the common 
one, and is in general one foot diameter. Sauciffons are 
ufed for the revetement of batteries, parapets, and for 
repairing or filling up breaches, &x. 
Gabion, is a kind of cylindric bafket, open at both ends, 
of about three feet wide, and from three to (ix feet highj 
filled with earth. 
Place of arms, a fecure lodgment for colledting the men 
and materials, as alio the engines of every defeription, 
deftined for the attack or defence of a poft. 
Bloeh* 
