625 
FOUNDER Y. 
metal to run; the others are to feparate the drofs or 
fcorice of the metal by wooden rakes : through thefe laft 
apertures pafles the thick fmoke. The ground of the 
furnace is built (loping, tor the metal to run down, 
FOUNDERY of CANNON. 
Cannon were originally formed of thin fheets of iron 
rolled up together, and fecured with a feries of iron hoops. 
The modern method of carting cannons, mortars, and 
other pieces of artillery, is performed much like that of 
rtatues and bells; efpecially as to what regards the wax, 
(hell, and furnaces. All pieces of artillery are now cart 
folid, and bored afterwards by means of a machine in¬ 
vented at Strafburgh, and improved by Mr. Verbruggen, 
head founder at Woolwich. The gun to be bored was 
at firft placed in a perpendicular pofition; but the ma¬ 
chines tiled for this purpofe have lately been made to 
bore horizontally, and much more exactly than thofe 
that bore in a vertical fituation. Whilft the infide is 
bored, the outfide is turned and polidied at the fame time. 
As to the metal, it is fomewhat different from both ; 
as having a mixture of tin, which is not in that of rtatues; 
and only having half the quantity of tin that is in bells, 
i. e. at the rate of ten pounds of tin to an hundred of cop¬ 
per. A cannon is always rtiaped a little conical, being 
thickeft of metal at the breech, where the greateft effort 
of the gunpowder is made, and diminifliing thence to the 
muzzle ; fo that if the mouth be two inches thick of 
metal, the breech is fix. Its length is meafured in cali¬ 
bers, i.e. in diameters of the muzzle. Six inches at the 
muzzle requires twenty calibers, or ten feet in length ; 
there is always about the fixth of an inch allowed play 
for the ball. See Artillery, vol. ii. 234; and Gun- 
SERY. 
FOUNDERY of PRINTER’S TYPES. 
In the bufinefs of cutting, carting, &c. letters for print¬ 
ing, the letter-cutter muft be provided with a vice, hand- 
vice, hammers, and files of all forts for watchmakers, 
nfe ; as alfo gravers and fculpters of all forts, and an oil- 
ftone, Sec. fuitabie and fizeable to the feveral letters to 
be cut : a flat gage made of box to hold a rod of rteel, 
or the body of a mould, &c. exactly perpendicular to 
the flat of the ufing file : a Aiding gage, whofe tile is to 
meafureand fet off dilhnces between the fnoulder and the 
tooth, and to mark it off from the end, or from the edge 
of the work: a face-gage, which-is a fquare notch cut 
with a file into the edge of a thin plate of rteel, iron, or 
brafs, of the thiclcnefs of a piece of common tin, whofe 
ufe is to proportion the face of each fort of letter, viz. 
long letters, afeending letters, and (hort letters. So there 
muft be three gages, and the gage for the long letters is 
the length of the whole body fuppofed to be divided 
into forty-two equal parts. The gage for the afeending 
letters Roman and Italic are five-fevenths, or thirty parts 
of forty-two, and thirty-three parts for the old Englilh face. 
The gage for the fhort letters is three-fevenths, or eigh¬ 
teen parts of forty-tw o of the whole body for the Roman 
and Italic, and twenty-tw'o parts for the Englilh face. 
The Italic and other Handing gages are to meafute the 
fcope of the Italic Items, by applying the top and bottom 
of the gage to the top and bottom lines of the letters, 
and the other fide of the gage to the Item ; for when the 
letter complies with thefe three fides of that gage, it has 
its true proportion. 
The next care of the letter cutter is to prepare good 
rteel punches, well tempered, and quite free from all 
veins of iron ; on the face of w hich he draws or marks 
the exact lhape of the letter w ith pen and ink, if the 
letter be large ; or with a fmooth blunted point of a 
needle it it be (mail ; and then, with fizeable and proper 
rtiaped and pointed gravers and fculpters, digs or fcuilps 
out the rteel between the firokes or marks fo made on the 
face of the punch, and leaves the marks (landing on the 
face. Having well (haped the infide ftrokes of his letter. 
Vol.Y 11 .Wo, 455 - 
he deepens the hollows with the fame tools; for, if a 
letter be not deep in proportion to its width, it will, 
when ufed at prefs, print black, and be good for nothing. 
This work is generally regulated by the depth of the 
counter-punch. Then he works the outlide with proper 
files till it be fit for the matrice. But before he proceeds 
to the finking and juftifying of the matrices he muft pro¬ 
vide a mould to juftify them by. Every mould is com- 
pofed of an upper and an under part. The under part is 
delineated in fig. 1. The tipper part is marked fig. 2. 
and is in all refpects made like the under part, excepting 
the (tool behind, and the bow or fpring alio behind ; and 
excepting a fmall wfire betw'een the body and carriage, 
near the break, where the under part hath a fmall round¬ 
ing groove made in the body. This wire in the upper 
part makes the nick in the (hank of the letter, when part 
of it is received into the groove in the under part. Thefe 
two parts are fo exaftly fitted and gaged into one another 
(viz. the male-gage marked C in fig. 2, into the female 
marked G in fig. 1, and vice verfa), that when the upper 
part of the mould is properly placed on and in the under 
part of the mould, both together make the entire mould, 
and may be (lid backwards for ufe fo far, till the edge of 
either of the bodies on the middle of either carriage 
comes juft to the edge of the female gages cut in each 
carriage : and they may be Hid forward fo far, till the 
bodies on either carriage touch each other: and the Hiding 
of thefe two parts of the mould backwards makes the 
ftiank of the letter thicker, becaufe the bodies on each 
part (land wider afunder ; and the Aiding them forwards 
makes the ftiank of the letter thinner, becaufe the bodies 
on each part of the mould (land clofer together. The 
parts of the mould are as follow : viz. A, the carriage; 
Fig. 1. 
B, the body ; C, the male gage; DE, the mouth-piecet 
F, the regifter; G, the female gage ; H, the hag; aaaa, the-, 
bottom plate ; hbb, the wood on which the bottom plate 
lies; ccc, the mouth; dd, the throat; edd, the pallat; 
f, the nick ; gg, the (tool ; hh, the fpring or bow. 
The mould muft be carefully juftified : firft the founder 
juftifies the body, by cafting about twenty proofs or fam- 
ples of letters ; which are fet up in a compofing (lick, 
with all their nicks towards the right hand ; and then, 
by comparing thefe with the pattern letters, fet up in the 
fame manner, he finds the exadt meafure of the body to 
be cart. He alfo tries if the two fides of the body are pa¬ 
rallel, or that the body be N10 bigger at the head than at 
the foot, by taking half the number of his proofs, and 
turning them with their heads to the feet of tiie other 
half ; and if then the heads and the feet be found exactly 
even upon each other, and neither to drive out nor get 
in, the two fides may be pronounced parallel. He far¬ 
ther tries whether the two Sides of the thicknefs of the 
letter be parallel, by firft fetting his proofs in the com- 
pofing (lick with their nicks upwards, and then turning 
one half with their heads to the feet of the other half; 
and if the heads and feet lie exactly upon each other, 
and neither drive out nor get in, the two fides of the 
thicknefs are parallel. 
The mould thus juftified, the next bufinefs is to pre- 
7 U pare 
