FRA 
which broke out in Guienne ; to reprefs the unbridled 
fury of the people, the conftable Montmorency, and the 
duke of Guile, were commiflioned to enter that province ; 
the former marked his cottrfe with blood, while the latter 
reclaimed the infurgents by his conciliating addrefs and 
lenient meafures. The popularity he acquired by his 
clemency laid the foundation of the future greatnefs ot 
his family.- Henry, though humane and generous, was 
tindtured with the intemperate zeal of the age; and a 
fiumber of profelytes to the doctrines of Calvin and Lu¬ 
ther were publicly and folemnly burnt, by the command 
and even in the prefence of a fovereign, cruel only in his 
religion. 
The recovery of Boulogne was now an objedt of the 
ltighcft importance to Prance; the Englifh councils were 
weak and divided, and the feuds which commonly diftradt 
a minority raged with uncontrouled violence. The mini- 
fters of Edward VI. readily liftened to the propofals of 
Henry, who offered four hundred thoufand crowns for the 
immediate refutation of Boulogne. The futn propofed 
was accepted ; and the peace, which was negociated be¬ 
tween the two kingdoms, was extended alfo to Scotland. 
This was the moil advantageous peace that France had 
hitherto made with England ; the va(f arrears which were 
due to that crown being in effedft remitted ; and the pen- 
lion, which looked l'o like tribute, not beingmentioned, 
was in fadt extinguifited. The earl of Warwick himfelf, 
who had concluded the peace, was fo fenfible of the dif- 
grace fuffered by his nation on this occalion, that lie pre¬ 
tended to be fick, in order to avoid fetting his hand to 
fuch a fcandalous bargain. 
An edidt was made in 1549, to re ft rain the extravagant 
remittances which the clergy were in the habit of making 
to the court of Rome, and for corredting other abufes 
committed by the papal notaries. With this edidt pope 
Julius III. was highly difpleafed ; and in the following, 
year war was declared by the king of France againft: the 
pope and the emperor. In this war the French king was 
threatened with the cenfures of the church, when it was 
rumoured that he had entered into an alliance with the 
Turks, and that a Ttirkilh fleet had entered the Mediter¬ 
ranean. Henry, however, ftrongly denied any fuch con- 
nedtion, and infilled that the emperor had given them fuf- 
freient provocation : and he foon found himfelf in fuch 
danger from thefe new enemies, that he could not fupport 
the pope as he intended, who on that account was obliged 
to fee for peace. After this, the king of France con¬ 
tinued the war againft the emperor with fignal fuccefs ; 
reducing the cities of Tout, Verdun and Metz ; while the 
emperor Charles, under cover of the night, evacuated 
Infpruck, and haftily fled before the arms of Maurice 
and Villach in Carinthia, on the frontier of the Venetian 
territories. Surprifed and abandoned, he figned a treaty 
at Paflau in 1552, which forever fecured the ecclefiaftical 
and civil independence of the German princes; who, at¬ 
tentive alone to their own concerns, fcarcely feem to re¬ 
member how much they were indebted to Henry for their 
brilliant fuccefs. 
Impatient to efface the ignominious repulfe at Metz, 
Charles entered France in 1553, and poured the tempeft 
of his arms on Terouanne ; d’Effe, a veteran officer who 
commanded in that city, was killed ; the imperialifts 
prefled the liege with vigour and perfeverance ; and the 
place was taken by aflault. The army next moveddo 
the liege of Hefdin, which, though defended with bravery, 
could not withftand the ardour of the aflailants ; and Henry 
himfelf, with a numerous army, advanced to check the 
formidable progrefs of the enemy. The approach of 
fuch an antagonift rouled the emperor Charles from the 
bed of ficknefsj.he quitted Bruffels in a litter, and ar¬ 
rived in his camp, debilitated in body, yet firm and un- 
dauntedinmind; his prudence fuffered him not to hazard the 
late of the war in a decilive action ; and the king ot France, 
after having in vain endeavoured to force him to an en¬ 
gagement by threatening the ftege of Cambray, retired 
Vo l. VII. No. 461. 
N C E. 703 
without performing any thing worthy the greatnefs of his 
preparations. 
But the emperor Charles, ftill anxious to aggrandize 
his family, conceived a new project, which he purfued 
with the utmoft ardour. Edward VI. of England had 
expired after a fliort reign ; and his crown devolved on 
his ftfter Mary, whofe hand the emperor demanded and 
obtained for his fon Philip. This acceflion to the in¬ 
fluence and power of the houfe of Auftria, ferved to in- 
create the jealoufy without intimidating the king of 
France. He determined to carry on the war both in 
Italy and the Low Countries with additional vigour ; 
and, in 1354, he ravaged Hainault, Liege, and Artois, 
reduced Mariemburgh, took Bouvines and Dinant by 
aflault, and invefted Renti. The emperor, though wafted 
by fatigue and indifpofition, marched to the relief ot that 
place. An obftinate ikirmifh enfued, in which the im¬ 
perial army was worfted uvith a conftderable lofs of men 
and artillery ; and had the efforts of the duke of Guife 
been feconded by the conftable of Montmorency, the 
rout of the enemy mull have been complete ; but the 
jealoufy of thofe commanders proved fatal to the glory of 
their country; the French themtelves were foon after 
compelled to retire for want of provifions; and Charles, 
after their retreat, entering Picardy, extended his devafta- 
tions over that province,' and retaliated the ravages com¬ 
mitted in Hainault and Artois. 
The emperor now flattered himfelf with the hope of 
obtaining poffeflion of Metz by the treachery of a monk, 
guardian to a convent of Francifcans ; but the confpiracy 
was detected ; the Imperialifts detached for the enterprife 
were defeated with (laughter ; and the monk with his con¬ 
federates fuffered the juft punifbment of their treafon. 
Charles, mortified at the decline of his / mibitary glory, 
and opprefled by age and difeafe, received an additional 
difappointment in the death of pope Julius III. and the 
eledtion of Paul IV. who demanded the protection of 
France, and offered the inveftitureof Naples to her king. 
Henry liftened with pleafure to propofals which flattered 
his ambition with the hope of once more acquiring the 
afcendency in Italy ; and the cardinal of Lorrain was dif- 
patched to Rome with full powers to conclude the treaty, 
and to concert meafures for carrying it into execution. 
So many unfavourable circumftances combined with a 
ftiattered conftitution, determined the emperor Charles V. 
to retire from the cares of public life, before his reputa¬ 
tion was entirely overwhelmed by the tempeft which he 
beheld gathering around him. By refigning his heredi¬ 
tary dominions to his fon Philip, lie in fome meafure dif- 
armed the jealoufy of France, and delivered himfelf from 
a burthen which his warning ftrength was no longer capa¬ 
ble of fupporting with dignity. At Bruffels, in 1555, 
this extraordinary renunciation was made; and Charles 
only retained for himfelf the imperial dignity, which in 
about a year afterwards he relinquiftied to his brother Fer¬ 
dinand king of the Romans. 
The emperor, felicitous to procure an interval of tran¬ 
quillity, that his fen might be eftablilhed firmly on the 
throne, was anxious to conclude a peace. The various 
claims of the rival monarchs, however, rendered it diffi¬ 
cult to conclude a felid peace; but an expedient was 
propofed of terminating hoftilities by a long truce, which, 
without difeufling their different claims, allowed each to 
retain what was in his poffelfion. Henry, in accepting 
thefe conditions, which left him in quiet enjoyment of the 
greater part of the duke of Savoy’s dominions, with his 
acquifitions on the German frontier, was only embarraffed 
by his late engagements with the pope ; but thefe he was 
perfuaded by the conftable Montmorency to facrifice to 
the interefts of his kingdom. Paul received the intelli¬ 
gence with aftonifhment; he beheld himfelf ferfaken by 
the ally on whom he depended, and expofed to the refent- 
ment of the only adverfary he had to dread. The duke 
of Alva was already encamped on the frontiers of the ec- 
clefiafticai territoriesj and the pope, to aval the imme- 
S R diate 
I 
