744 FRA 
courts than in camps, with the remnant of his once vic¬ 
torious army, repaired the Rhine, and retreated before a 
body of men whom he Jiad fo lately vanquifhed. At 
Crevelt, count Clermont at the head of fifty thoufand 
men was attacked and broken by, prince Ferdinand, and 
compelled with confiderable lofs to retire under the can¬ 
non of Cologne. Marefchal de Contades, who fucceeded 
him, fufifered in the campaign of 1758 a more decifive 
defeat at Minden ; and marefchal Broglio, who fuper- 
ceded Contades, was equally unfortunate, and on the 
heights of Warbourg funk all'o beneath the fuperior 
genius of prince Ferdinand. 
The death of George II. and the accellion of his 
grandfon to the throne of England, changed not, at fir it, 
the councils of the Englifh, or the fortune of the French ; 
and the court of Verfailles, defeated on every fide, im¬ 
plored the fupport of the crown of Spain. That king¬ 
dom was ruled by Charles III. late king of Naples and 
Sicily ; who being ftrongl.y attached to the houfe of 
Bourbon, ligned the celebrated family compaEl ; an alli¬ 
ance which, with the fingle exception of the American 
trade, naturalizes in the dominions of the houfe of Bour¬ 
bon, the fubjedls of each crown ; and fiipulates that the 
kings of France and Spain (hall look upon every power 
as the enemy of both which dares to become the enemy 
of either. The affillance of Spain, however, was feeble 
and inadequate ; her attempt to wound Great Britain 
through her ally, and to invade the neutral kingdom of 
Portugal, was ill concerted and worfe executed, and the 
Spaniards were compelled to abandon their hafty con- 
quefts with difgrace. Louis was ftill doomed to regret 
the unavailing (laughter of his fubjedts ; and marefchal 
Broglio, near the village of Kirch Denkern, was repulfed 
by prince Ferdinand, with the lofs of five thoufand men. 
France had hitherto repelled the various defcents of the 
Englilh on her coalts; but file was deeply wounded by a 
lofs, lefs important in its real value than humiliating in 
the eyes of Europe. Belleifle, fituated between Port 
Louis and the mouth of the Loire, was reduced by an ar¬ 
mament from England ; and the Britifh banners difplayed 
from the ramparts alarmed the inhabitants of the adjacent 
coalts. The recal of Broglio from the German army, 
with the joint appointment of the prince of Soubife and 
marefchal d’Etrees, interrupted not the rapid career of 
prince Ferdinand. The French were compelled entirely 
to evacuate the eledtorate of Hanover ; while the king 
of Prulfia, by the death of the emprefs Catharine II. 
was delivered from his molt formidable enemy. 
In Afia, the war was equally difaltrous to France ; her 
fettlement of Chanderria'gore was taken by admiral Wat- 
fon and colonel Clive ; general Lally was compelled to 
retire from a fruitlefs attempt again!! Madras ; he was 
afterwards defeated in fnccefiive engagements, and re¬ 
duced to leek lhelter within the fortifications of Pondi¬ 
cherry: that fettlement, the lad that remained to the 
French on the coal! of Coromandel, was inverted by the 
Englifli. After a gallant defence, Lally was obliged to 
furrender: and the vidtors, informed foon after of the 
hoftile confederacy of the houfe of Bourbon, turned 
their arms againl! the fettleinents of Spain, and poflefled 
themfelves of Manilla, the capital of Luconia, one of 
the principal ot the Philippine iflands. 
In America, Louifbourg, garrifoned by near three 
thoufand troops, under the command of the chevalier du 
Drucoiirt, was attacked by admiral Bofcawen, and the 
generals Arnherft and Wolfe : for (ix weeks the governor 
maintained a gallant defence ; he was at length com¬ 
pelled to furrender ; and the illand of Cape Breton (hared 
the fate of the capital ; as did Ticonderoga, Crown- 
Point, and Niagara. But in Canada the force of the 
French was (till entire; and the marquis of Montcalm 
protected Quebec, the capital of that province. His lu- 
perior force, and almoft inacceilible fituation, could not 
reprefs the fpirit of the Englilh ; animated by the ex¬ 
ample of their general, Wolfe, they climbed the rugged 
N C E. 
afcent of the Heights of Abrahatn ; and were formed in 
battle on the fummit, before Montcalm, lulled into feav- 
rity by the temerity of the attempt, would give credit to 
the intelligence. Convinced the report was true, he de¬ 
termined to decide the fate of Canada in a general en¬ 
gagement : but theadverfe fortune of France prevailed. 
Montcalm, after difplaying equal (kill and courage, pe- 
rilhedou the field, with above a thoufand of his braveft 
foldiers. Quebec furreitdered ; and a fubfequent at¬ 
tempt of M. de Levi to recover that city, was, after an 
ineffedtual victory, baffled by the perfevttring valour of 
the garrifon. The remnant of the French forces, defti- 
tiite of fubfiftence, mouldered away : the town of New 
Orleans, and a few plantations on the Miffirtippi, alone 
remained to France pf all her fettleinents in North Ame¬ 
rica ; while in the Weft Indies the powerful armaments 
of the Englilh vvrefted from her the important iflands of 
Guadaloupe and Martinico ; and foon after (hook to the 
very bafts the grandeur and profperity of the houfe of 
Bourbon, by donning the Havannah, the principal fea- 
port in the illand of Cuba, the key of the Gulf of Mexi¬ 
co, and the centre of the Spanilh trade and navigation in 
the New World. 
In Africa, France was driven from the forts and fadto- 
ries which (lie had eftablifhed on the river Senegal. 
Monf. St. Jean, the governor of Goree, attempted to de¬ 
fend it from an Englilh armament, conducted by commo¬ 
dore Keppel and colonel Worge; but his ardour was ill 
feconded by his garrifon, and he was reluctantly compell¬ 
ed to fubmit to the fuperior numbers of his enemies. 
But in contending for the fovereignty of the fea, it was 
the fate of Louis XV. to be peculiarly unfuccefsful. The 
marquis du Qttefne, with three (hips of the line and a fri¬ 
gate, was intercepted between Cape de Gatt and Cartha- 
gena, by an Englilh fquadron under admiral Olborne ; the 
frigate efcaped by the fwiftnefs of her failing, but two of 
the (hips were taken, and the third was driven on fhore 
on the-Spanifti coart. M. de la Clue, in attempting to 
pafs the (freights of Gibraltar with twelve fhips of the 
line, was encountered by admiral Bofcawen with fourteen ; 
the French fought their lafety in flight; de la Clue was 
wounded hirofelf; two of his largeft fhips were taken, 
two more deftroyed, and the remaining eight fheltered 
themfelves under the cannon of Cadiz. But the princi¬ 
pal fleet of France, confiding of twenty-one fail of the 
line and four frigates, remained at Brelt under the com¬ 
mand of M. Conflans, and meditated a defcent on Ireland. 
In the profecution of this defign, that admiral availed 
himfelf of a ftorm which had driven the Britilh fquadron 
into their own harbours ; but he had fcarcely put to fea 
before his hopes were blafted by the appearance of admi¬ 
ral Hawke, with twenty-two (hips of the line. Conflans 
fought fnelter among the Ihoals and rocks of a lee-rtiore. 
He was purfued by his antagonift ; his own (hip, the Royal 
Sun, was driven on (hore, and burnt by tire French them¬ 
felves; the Hero (hared the fame fate by the hands of 
the Englilh ; the Formidable rtruck her colours ; and the 
Thefee, the Superbe, and the Julie, were funk in the action. 
Thefe repeated difafters which befel the armaments of 
France from the year 1759 to 1762, humbled the lofty 
views of Louis; his finances v/ere exhaufted; his com¬ 
merce ruined ; his marine annihilated ; in the four quar¬ 
ters of the world his arms had proved unfortunate; and 
his alliance with Spain had only involved that crown in 
his calamities. Fortunately the Englifli councils were 
equally difpofed to peace. George III. liftened with 
readinefs to the propofals of the court of Verfailles: the 
great outlines of the treaty were loon adjufted, as both 
parties agreed to withdraw themfelves totally from the 
German war, and to reftore the places they had taken. 
France alio ceded to Great Britain, Canada, and the 
greateft part of her fettlements in America; but retained 
the right of filhing on the coal! of Newfoundland, with 
the fmall iflands of St. Pierre and Miquelon. She re¬ 
ceived back Martinico, Guadaloupe, Goree, and Belleifle, 
with 
