831 
FRA 
wafer, tlie French general Immediately landed his troops 
in different quarters, and endeavoured to reduce theifland. 
The knights happened to be divided into factions ; fo 
that after making a very feeble refiftance, the grand mafler 
propofed a capitulation ; and tints was furrendered, in a 
few days, a fortrefs which, if properly defended, might 
have held out for as many weeks againff all the forces of 
the univerfe. Bonaparte, after leaving a garrifon of lour 
thoufand men in the ifland, failed on the 21ft of June for 
Egypt, and arrived before Alexandria on the iff of July. 
He immediately effected a landing at Marabou, notwith- 
ftanding the height of the furf, and the difficulties of the 
fftore. Although Marabou was only two leagues from 
Alexandria, the French found no oppofition from the na¬ 
tives ; not even a piece of artillery was planted for pro¬ 
tection. Having landed part of their artillery and ffores, 
they advanced in platoons againff the city, and reached 
it, unoppofed, except by a few mamalukes, who, hover¬ 
ing around, cut off' ffragglers, and fought a few flight and 
partial Ikirmilhes. The city was garrifoned by only 
about five bundled Janiffaries, who occupied the forts, 
but were in no condition to refill fo unexpected an attack. 
The Turks, affailed on every fide by fo large a force, 
made the belt defence which refolution unaided by tatties 
could fupply; about a hundred and fifty of the French 
were killed, and Kleber and Menou were wounded. 
Seeing the invaders fealing the ramparts and forcing them- 
felves in on every fide, the Turks defiffed from any further 
refiffance, and, betaking thcmfelves to God and their pro¬ 
phet, filled the mofqties. The French now took com¬ 
plete poffellion of that ancient and much celebrated city, 
giving it up to plunder, in order to gratify and encourage 
the army to further and greater conquefts in this diftant 
and unexplored, hut rich and luxuriant, country.—As we 
have already given a circumffantial and authentic narra¬ 
tive of the progrefs of the French arms in this campaign, 
under the article Egypt, vol.vi. p.329— 345, we beg 
to refer the reader to that volume for the interefting par¬ 
ticulars. 
Ever fince the treaty of Carnpo Formio had been con¬ 
cluded, a congrefsof miniffers from the French directory, 
and from the German princes, had been endeavouring to 
fettle finally at Raffadt, a treaty between France and the 
German ffates, The intended operations had been pre- 
vioufly arranged between the emperor and the diredory 
in the fecret convention of Campo Formio, already men¬ 
tioned. That the articles of this convention might be 
concealed, the French miniffers at Raffadt formally 
brought forward their propofals in fucceflion for the dif- 
cuffion of the German deputies. The French demanded 
that the Rhine fhould be tire boundary of their republic; 
the Germans refilled this. References were made to the 
diet of Ratifbon, and long difeuffions and negociations 
took place among the different princes. When it was 
found that little was to be expected from the protection 
ef Anffria, the German deputies at Raffadt were inftruded 
to offer one half of the territory dem'anded. This offer 
was refuted, and new negociations took place. The other 
half was at luff yielded up, and a long difeufiion commenced 
about the debts due by the ceded territory, which the 
French refuted to pay. The tolls upon the river, and 
upon the rivers flowing into the Rhine, alfo gave rife to 
pinch altercation. It was even a matter of no fmall dif¬ 
ficulty, after all, to determine the precife boundary of 
France ; whether her territory fliould extend to the left 
bank, the right bank, or the thalwag, that is the middle, 
of tjhe navigable channel of the river. Thefe difeuffions, 
•conducted with endlefs formality and procraffination, (till 
occupied the congrefs at Raffadt ; but it now became 
gradually more obvious that no treaty would be con¬ 
cluded at that place. Auffria began to ftrengthen her 
armies in all quarters. Ruffia, that had hitherto avoided 
any adive interference, produced a large body of troops 
in Britifh pay, and lent them towards the German fron¬ 
tiers. The king of Naples avowedly and eagerly pre. 
2 
N C E. 
pared for war. This impatient monarch, refolving to at' 
tack without delay the French troops who occupied the 
Roman territory, procured general Mack and other officers 
from the court of Vienna to affiime the command of his 
army. Without waiting, however, till Auffria fliould 
commence hoftilities anew, he rafit 1 v began the war alone 
and unaided, excepting by (he Britiffi fleet, and thus 
drew upon himfelf the whole force of the French republic. 
The directory, not fufpeCling Inch conduct on the part 
of this prince, were unprepared to meet it; and when ge¬ 
neral Mack entered the Roman territory at the head of 
forty-five thoufand men, the French troops in that quar¬ 
ter were unequal to the conteft. A French ambafl'tdor 
refided at Naples when this event took place, and war 
was not declared. When Champioonet complained of 
the attack made upon his pofts under thefe circtimftances, 
he was informed in a letter by general Mack, that the 
king of Naples had refolved to take pofi'effion of the Ro¬ 
man territory, having never acknowledged its exiftence 
as a republic; he therefore required the French quietly 
to depart into the Cifalpine ffates ; declaring, that any ad 
of hoffility on their part, or their entrance into the terri¬ 
tory of Tufcany, would he regarded as a declaration of 
war. Championnet, finding himfelf unable to refill the 
force now brought againff him, evacuated Rome. He 
left, however, a garrifon in the caffle of St. Angelo, and 
endeavoured to concentrate whatever troops he could 
haffily colled; in the northern extremity of the Roman 
ffate. Towards the end of November, Mack entered 
Rome without oppofition. 
When thefe events came to be known at Paris, war was 
immediately declared againff the kings of Naples and Sar¬ 
dinia. Joubert, the commander in chief of the army of 
Italy, immediately began his march towards Piedmont. 
The king of Sardinia, wh.o had made war againff France, 
died of grief foon after the conclufion of that peace which 
left his perfon and ffates at the mercy of the republic. 
His fon and fucceffor, Vidor Emanuel, diflieartened at 
the miferable profpeds which awaited his accellion, re- 
figned the government into the hands of a regency ; but 
was afterwards obliged to conclude an offenlive and de- 
fenfive alliance with the republicans, and give them pcC- 
fefiion of his capital as a pledge of fidelity. The prefent 
occafion was eagerly embraced to terminate the political 
exiffence of this inoffenfive prince : general Vido^ven¬ 
tered by furprife into Novarra, difarming the Piedmontefe 
troops, and placing garrifons in all their fortrelfes. The 
foldiery would have refilled ; but their efforts were pre¬ 
vented by the formal abdication of Vidor Emanuel, 
which being figned and fent to Joubert, at Chivaffb, on 
the 9th of December, be immediately repaired to Turin, 
and compelled the unfortunate monarch to quit his capi¬ 
tal the fame night, followed by his family, his wife, filter 
of the unfortunate Louis XV 1 . and a fmall number of 
faithful adherents, to leek fhelter in the ifland of Sardinia, 
the fpot afiigned to him by the diredory, who now pnb- 
lillied a declaration of their motives in a melfage to the 
councils, and, among other charges, accufed the king of 
having caufed a man to be buried alive, and of having 
poifoned the wells for the purpofe of deffroying the re¬ 
publican army. His dominions were immediately revo- 
Unionized ; a provilional government eftablilhed at Pied¬ 
mont, and the Sardinian foldiers, having taken an oath 
of fidelity to France, were incorporated with the troops 
of that nation. 
Meanwhile the contcff with Naples was foon decided. 
The French on their retreat were much haralled by the 
people of the countJy. The Neapolitan troops regarded 
them with lucli animofity, that they fcarcely ohferved 
the rules of humanity towards the prifonefs who fell into 
their hands. Even their leaders feemed in this refpect to 
have forgotten the pradice of nations ; for when Bouchard, 
by order of general Mack, fummoned the callle of St. An¬ 
gelo, he declared, that he would confider the prifoners 
of war and She Tick in the hofpita.ls as hoffageg for the 
conduct 
