833 
FRA 
ter having been'dri'ven from ftreet to ftreet, the Lazzaroni 
rallied for the lafl time at one of the gates of the city, 
where they were nearly exterminated. The inhabitants 
rejoiced on account of their own efcape from immediate 
-ruin ; and while the French armies became odious in all 
the other places they had Entered, they here found them- 
lelves, from the peculiar circumftances of the cafe, re¬ 
ceived with unfeigned welcome, in a city which holds the 
third place in population and fplendour among the capi¬ 
tals of Europe : its peace, however, was not lecured by 
this rapid conqueft of the Neapolitan territory, the victo¬ 
rious republicans being ferioufly menaced by a formida¬ 
ble army from Ruflia. 
On the 2d of January 1799, the French plenipotentia¬ 
ries at Raftadt delivered a note, declaring, that if the diet 
of Ratiibon contented to the entrance of the Ruffian troops 
on the territory of the empire, or failed efficacioufly to 
oppofe it, tiie progrefs of the Ruffian army would be con- 
fidered as a violation of neutrality, the negociations at 
Raftadt would be broken oft‘, and the republic and the 
empire replaced on the fame footing as before the figna'. 
Sure of the preliminaries at Leoben. This note producing 
no effeft, a meffage was fent by the directory to the coun¬ 
cils, complaining of the whole conduct of the emperor of 
■Germany, implicating the grand duke of Tufcany his 
brother, and announcing that the neceiiury meafures were 
already adopted for the fecurity of the ftate. The legifta- 
ture immediately voted war againft: thcfe two powers, and 
laws were formed for giving vigour to the recruiting by 
confcription, and for fupplying the wants of the armies. 
When the flames of war were thus rekindled, the French 
had in Europe only four hundred thoufand troops, includ¬ 
ing eighty thoufand auxiliaries, to contend with the em¬ 
perors of Germany and Ruflia; to defend their frontiers 
and conquefts front Amfterdam to Naples, a fpace of two 
thoufand miles ; to protect their coafts and thofe of their 
allies, from the Texel to Bayonne ; to keep in fubjeftion 
forty millions of men, anxious to fltake off their yoke ; to 
defend the iflands of Corfica, Malta, and Corfu ; and 
maintain internal tranquillity in France, Holland, and the 
conquered countries ; fo that they had no more than 
about two hundred and fifty thoufand effeftive men that 
could be fpared to aft in Germany, Swifferland, and 
Italy. Maffena, with forty-five thoufand men, occupied 
Swifferland and the left bank of the Rhine, almoft from 
its fource to the weftern extremity of the lake of Con- 
ffance, and from that point both banks of the river to 
Bade. Between this town and Duffeldorf,.fixty-five thou¬ 
fand troops were ftationed under Jourdan, forming what 
was called the army of Mentz. Upon the right bank of 
the Rhine they occupied the fort of Kelt!, and lined the 
left bank from the frontier of Swillerland to Mentz; 
whence they pofieffed all the country on the two banks 
to Duffeldorf, where was ftationed a corps of twenty 
thoufand men under Bernadotte, called the army of ob- 
fervation. The French, therefore, had only a hundred 
and ten thoufand men to carry the war into Germany, to 
repulfe the neutral army in cafe it ftiould march againft 
them, and to keep in awe Swifferland, and all the coun¬ 
tries between the Sarre and Mofelle, the Rcer and the 
Rhine. 
The offenfive plans cf the directory were, the inftant 
invation of the hereditary ftates, and a junction under the 
walls of Vienna. To accompli!!) thefe objects, it was 
intended that the army of obfervation (hould take poffef- 
fion of Philipfburg, the only fortrefs in the power of the 
imperialifts on the Rhine ; that the army of Jourdan ftiould 
crofs the river, traverfe the defiles of the Black Foreft, 
extend itfelf into Suabia, and turn the lake of Conftance 
and the fouthern pa'rt of the Tyrol ; that the army of 
Swifferiand ftiould drive the Auftrians from the country 
of the Grifons, attack the Tyrol in front, and feize fhe 
valleys of the Lech and the Inn ; while the army of Italy 
fliould penetrate into Germany, either through the Tyrol 
or the Friuli. In this cafe, the Auftrians polled upon 
Vol.VII. No.472. 
N C E. 
the lake of Conftance, in the county of Bregentz and th® 
Grifons, would have been encompaffed by Jourdan and 
Maffena ; and thofe which defended the Italian Tyrol and 
Veronefe, would have been hemmed in between the ar¬ 
mies of Swifferland and Italy. 
The cabinet of Vienna, rightly judging that hoftilities 
would be commenced early in the ieafon, accelerated the 
means of defence; and placing the army on the war efta- 
blifliment with its full complement, difpatched troops to 
occupy the neceffary pofitions as early as the month of 
February. The archduke Charles concentrated more than 
fixty thoufand men upon the Lech ; twenty thoufand were 
collected in the Palatinate in the environs of Amberg, or 
at Wertzburg, under general Stzarray ; a like number 
was ftationed in the Voralburg and in t.he Grifons under 
Hotze j and near twenty-five thoufand, commanded by 
Bellegarde, were upon the frontiers of the Grifons and 
the Tyrol. The army of Italy exceeded fixty thoufand ; 
part was upon the Adige, and the remainder in the Friuli. 
Thus the emperor had a-hundred and eighty-five thou¬ 
fand fighting men to oppofe to the French, ninety thou¬ 
fand of whom were in a fituation to aft immediately againft: 
Jourdan and Maffena. But as the Auftrians would not 
incur the odium of commencing hoftilities, the French, 
hoping to raife contributions between the lake of Con¬ 
ftance and the Mein, direfted Jourdan to make a hidden 
irruption into Germany, without any previous declaration 
of war. In conformity with thefe injunftions, on the iff 
of March 1799, Jourdan paffed the Rhine at Kehl, with 
the vanguard, centre, and left wing, of his army ; while 
general Ferino crofted at Huningen and Bade with the 
right, and plundered and over-ran that rich valley, ad¬ 
vancing to the foot of the mountains with which it is 
enclofed. 
The next day a detachment of the French army of ob¬ 
fervation obtained poffeffion of Manheim ; and Bernadotte 
inverted Philipfburg, which, in compliance with the treaty 
of Campo Formio, was only garrifoned with two thoufand 
troops, commanded by the rhingrave of Salrn. The rhin- 
grave, being fumtnoned to furrender, returned a fpirited 
refufal; and the French were compelled to turn the liege 
into a blockade. 
The right wing of Jotirdan’s army, commanded by Fe¬ 
rino, proceeded along the valley of the Rhine, through 
the foreft-towns : the centre having divided itfelf into two 
columns, one of which advanced by the Valley of Hell, 
and the other, accompanied by Jourdan and his ftaff, by 
the Valley of Kinche. arrived on the left and right banks 
of the Danube ; while the left wing, under St. Cyr, taking 
the road to Kn’iebis, parted through Frydenftadt, traverfed 
the duchy of Wirtemberg, and foon reached the banks of 
the Necker. While Jourdan’s army had thus advanced 
beyond the mountains of the Black Foreft, the army of 
obfervation was repairing the fortifications of Manheim, 
and fpreading itfelf into the country of Helfe Darmftadt 
and tlie Palatinate. Raftadt, where the congrefs was yet 
fitting, was declared neutral; and the direftory changed the 
name of the army of Mentz to that of the Danube, and ap¬ 
pointed Jourdan commander in chief of the three armies of 
the Lower Rhine, Upper Rhine, and Swifferland ; Berna¬ 
dotte ftill continuing in fubordination to him, to lead the 
army of the Lower Rhine, and Maffena that of Swillerland. 
Before Maffena could eftedt a junftion with Jourdan 
on the eaftern fide of the lake of Conftance, he was obliged 
to encounter the Auftrians, pafs the Rhine in defiance of 
their oppofition, drive them from the Grifons and the Vo- 
ralberg, and force them to retreat into the Upper Tyrol. 
It was therefore neceffary to begin his attack before the 
archduke (hould have time to oppofe the inarch of Jour¬ 
dan, and fend reinforcements to the lake of Conftance. 
The Grifons having placed themfelves under the protec¬ 
tion of Auftria, a corps of fix thoufand men, commanded 
by general Auffenberg, occupied Chur, Mayemeid, and 
tiie fort of Lucienfteig, communicating along the left 
bank of the Rhine with the army of Hotze, which was 
10 C ‘ part 
