8S8 FRA 
quarters at Caftellucclo. Thefe three corps blocked up 
Tortona and Alexandria, watched the mountains of the 
flate of Genoa, and fupported the infurgents of the ma¬ 
ritime Alps. The main army fupported them (fill more 
at the other extremity of Piedmont, pofie fifed itfelf of the 
partes which lead from that country to France, and kept 
in check the army of Moreau. The magazines taken 
from the republicans at Brefcia, Bergamo, Cremona, 
Pefchiera, Pizzighitone, aiid other places, were iitimenfe. 
The fpoils of Italy thus parted from the hands of the 
French into thofe of the Tmperialifts. 
Thefe events had material influence upon thofe in the 
fouth of Italy. The grand duke of Tufcany had w i• h- 
drawn to Vienna before the declaration of war; but his 
dominions were invaded and plundered by a band of re¬ 
publican troops, chiefly Ligurians and Cifalpines. Ge¬ 
nera! Macdonald, who commanded the French at Naples, 
had been prevented from active fervice by ihe diminution 
of his army ; while the indenting number of the pea- 
fantry under cardinal Rutfo daily gained ground. Thus 
was Macdonald fituated, when he received from the di¬ 
rectory an order to evacuate Naples, and join Moreau. 
He fet out with his chofen band of troops, traverfed in 
clofe columns the Romilh ftate, and without impediment 
entered Tufcany. On reaching the capital, he found the 
divifion of Gauthier, and eltabliflied a communication 
with that of Montrichard, which was oppofed to Klenau 
in the country of Bologna and in Romagna. Macdonald 
bad by this means collected an army of about thirty thou¬ 
fand men ; and though his orders were to form an imme¬ 
diate junction with Moreau, yet the fituation of the al¬ 
lies was Inch as to tempt him to hazard an aCtion by him¬ 
felf. Siiwarrow had extended his forces over Lombardy, 
and part of Piedmont, in order to afford protection to 
thefe countries ; while Macdonald and Moreau concerted 
between them a plan for dividing their antagonifls, in or¬ 
der to vanquilh them Moreau took advantage of the 
accidental arrival of the French and Spanifli fquadrons 
in the vicinity of Genoa, to fpread a report that they 
had brought him a powerful reinforcement of troops, for 
the purpofe of withdrawing from Macdonald the atten¬ 
tion of Siiwarrow, who was then at Turin. His advanced 
troops po He fifed the pafles of Sufa, Pignerol, and the Col 
d’Affiette ; while Hohenzollern was polled at Modena 
with a confiderable force, and Ott at Reggio with ten 
thoufand effective men. On the 12th of June Macdonald 
began his operations. His advanced divifions attacked 
JHohe;nzollern that fame day, defeated him, and took two 
thoufand prifoners. Another column of the French at¬ 
tacked general Ott; and, after obliging him to retreat, 
entered Parma on the 24th of June. On the 17th, Ott was 
again attacked, and compelled to retire upon Cartel St. Gio¬ 
vanni. But here the progrefs of Macdonald was checked. 
Siiwarrow had informed himfelf of his approach, and 
with that prefence of mind which fo ftrongly marked his 
conduft, he fuddenly left Turin on the 15th of June with 
twenty thoufand men, and having marched feventeen 
leagues in eight-and-forty hours, came up with Macdo¬ 
nald’s army on the banks of the Tidone. The Ruffian 
generals Rofenberg and Foelter commanded the right and 
tliecentre; the left wing was placed under Melas; prince 
Pangraz on of Rurtia commanded the advanced guard, and 
prince Lichtenftein the referve. A defperateaCtion now 
commenced, which, contefted with equal bravery on both 
Tides, was fought during three fucceflive days. At length 
viftory declared for the allies. The P rench, driven on the 
firft day from the Tidone to Trebbia, were there ultimately 
defeated on the 19th, after a carnage which difgraced hu¬ 
manity. The Rullians and French repeatedly turned each 
others line, and were mutually repulfed. Siiwarrow, who 
fought in perfon wherever the fire was heavieft, and his 
troops molt clufely prerted, is laid to have had feven 
horfes killed under him, and to have (tript himfelf to the 
fhirton the 19th, running on-foot from rank to rank to 
Hrge the troops to aCtion by his prefence and example. 
NCR. 
Notwithrtanding all thefe exertions, however, the conteffc 
continued doubtful, till general Kray, in direCt difobe- 
dience of the orders of the aulic council at Vienna, ar¬ 
rived at the head of a large detachment from Mantua, 
and, on the 19th, decided the fa'e of the day. The French 
fled during the night; but Siiwarrow purfiied them with 
his army in two columns. If feldom happens that any 
troops can overtake the French in a match. The Ruf¬ 
fians now did fo, however; and at Zena the rear-guard 
o) the republicans being furrounded, they laid down 
their arms. The refidue of the French army retreated 
to the Apennines and the Genoefe territory, after having 
loft on this occafion in killed, wounded, and prifoners, 
not lefsthan feventeen thoufand men. 
Moreau, in the mean time, attacked the Auftrians un¬ 
der Bellegarde in the vicinity of Alexandria. Though 
fuperior to the French in numbers, they were completely 
beaten ; but Sutvarrow having returned with infinite ra¬ 
pidity after his victory over Macdonald, the temporary 
advantage gai ed by Moreau became of little importance. 
In the mean time, generals Kaim and Lufignan bad prerted 
the citadel of Turin with fo much.vigour, that, after a 
bombardment of forty-eight hours, it yielded on the 25th ; 
and the garrifon, court (ting of 2700 men, was allowed to 
return into France, on condition of not ferving again till 
exchanged. Twenty-five generals, forming the ftaff, 
were fent prifoners into Germany. The imperialirts 
found in the citadel 562 pieces of ordnance, 40,000 mufkets, 
400,000 weight of powder, and confiderable magazines. 
Suvvarrow now reduced to two principal objeCts the ad¬ 
vantages to be derived from his fuccefs ;—the re-conqueft 
of Tufcany, and the capture of Alexandria, Tortona, 
and Mantua. The firft immediately followed from the 
retreat of Macdonald, who having parted the Corniche irs 
fafety, caufed Leghorn and the reft of Tufcany to be eva¬ 
cuated by capitulation. By this means Macdonald ef¬ 
fected a junction with Moreau, who now acquired the 
chief command of between forty and fifty thoufand men. 
The allies, by liberating Tufcany, had placed between 
them the French divifion which (till poftefled Rome, Ci- 
vita-vecchia, Perugia, Ancona, and Fano, and precluded 
it from all poffibility of retreat. 
Of the three fortreflfes intended to be reduced by Sit- 
warrow, the works before Alexandria alone had efcaped 
interruption, and againit that he directed his firft efforts ; 
and the French general Gardanne was fummoned to fur- 
render. On his refufal the attack was yigorourty carried 
on tor feveral days ; when a lodgment being made in the 
covered way, Gardanne, having exhaufted his ammuni¬ 
tion, capitulated on the 21 ft of July. He.obtained his 
liber:y on parole ; and his garrifon, amounting to 2400 
men, were fent prifoners of war into Germany. 
Kray, at the fame time, vigpri ufly prerted the fiege of 
Mantua. As it was impoifible :o artful this celebrated 
fortrefs in many directions at onpe, the general directed 
his chief attention to the fouth fide ; and on the joih of 
July 1799, carried by ftorm the tower of Cerefa, and fe- 
cured the bridge and fluices of ti e arm of the Mincio 
called Bajolo. By thefe means he was enabled to let off 
the waters which furrounded the city, and thus rendering 
the moat dry, he made dfreCt approaches towards the 
body of the place. On tlie anniverfary of the deftruCtion 
of the Baftile, which now occurred, the governor, general 
Latour, requefted a fufpenfion of firing, to celebrate that 
feftival : the befieging general agreed ; but, as he was 
not bound hy the treaty from other operations, he craftily 
caufed the trench of the firft parallel to be opened oppo- 
fite the fuburb of The; and on the following morning 
the befieged, to their great lurpril'e, law the parallel fi- 
nirtied, and the Auftrians fo well eftablifhed that ail ef¬ 
forts to diflodge them were ineffectual. Latour, on the 
27th of July, conl'ented to a capitulation, by which his 
troops were permitted to retire into France, on condition 
of not (erving again till exchanged. 
After the evacuation of Naples by Macdonald, cardinal 
3 Ruffop 
