FRA 
*uffb, at the head of the royal i ft party, confining of more 
than twenty thonfand men, fupported fcv fome hundreds 
of Ruffians, defeated the republican levies, and marched 
immediately to Naples, where the Englifh fleet, com¬ 
manded by lord Nelfon, had arrived. The caftles of 
Ovo, Nuovo, and St. Elmo, were foon re-taken. The 
king of Naples, who was on-board the Foudroyant, lord 
Nelfc n’s fiiip, now faw the royal flag wave over his ca¬ 
pital. Gaeta and Capua foon yielded to captain Trow¬ 
bridge ; and the French obtained permiffion to retire into 
their ow n country, on condition of not ferving again till 
exchanged. The fort refs of Pefcari, on the fliore of the 
Adriatic, was the laft place to be reduced; when the 
king of the tw; Sicilies, finding his dominions once more 
free from a foreign yoke, meditated, in conjunction with 
his allies and benefactors, the emancipation of the dates 
of the church 
Iu the interior of France fome party firuggles of a poli¬ 
tical nature now took place. Upon the introduction of 
the new rhin rhis year inro the com cils, a violent oppo- 
lition commenced. Syeyes, who was ambaffador at Ber'in, 
and who i T a maintained, during ,he whole progrefs of 
the revolution a very conliderable influence over all the 
parties that ha > fi cceffivelv enjoyed the fupreme autho¬ 
rity, was e'efted into the directory. His admiffion, how¬ 
ever, did not reconcile the public difputes. A violent 
conteft for power betwixt the Moderates and the Jaco¬ 
bins feemed to approach ; but they at length came to a 
compromife. Treilhard was removed from the directory, 
under the pretence that he had held an office in the date 
within lefs than a year previous to his nomination. Mer¬ 
lin and Revei lere were compelled to refign, to avoid an 
impeachment with which they were threatened; but 
Barras contrived to retain hisftation. Moulins, Gohier, 
and Ducos, me: little known, were appointed directors. 
The power was now underftood to be divided, and that 
neither party greatly predominated. An attempt was 
therefore made to revive the clubs, vVbich had been fup- 
preffed by the directory. The Jacobins were the fit ft to 
take advantage of this licence. They began to refume 
th< ir former violent meafures ; but the directory; alarmed 
at their intemperance, fuppreffed their meetings before 
they were able to intereft the public in their favour. 
Conliderable efforts were now made by the government 
to recruit their armies ; and fitch were the exertions of 
the directory, that they fpeedily afitimed on the frontier 
a formidable and menacing pofture. In the beginning 
of Auguft, their Italian army mounted to forty-five thou- 
fand men. The troops of which it confided had been 
drawn together and concentrated nearly in the lame pofi- 
tions which Bonaparte had occupied before his battles of 
Montenotte and Milleflmo. The command was given to 
Jouberr, who had diftinguilhed himfelf under Bonaparte, 
and who now declared, that he and Suvvarrow fhonld not 
both furvive the firfl battle. On taking the command, 
he prevailed with Moreau to remain in the army as a 
volunteer. 
The allies had begun to befiege Tortona ; and Joubert 
refolved to attempt its relief. He hoped to accomplilh 
this objeCl before Kray could arrive to the alfiftance of 
Suwarrow with the troops that had been occupied in the 
fiege of Mantua. On the 13th of Auguft 1799, the 
French drove in the whole of the Auftrian polls, and 
took poffellion of Novi. Here they encamped on a fteep 
ridge of hills, with their centre at Novi, their right to¬ 
wards Seravelle, and their left towards Bafaluzzo. On 
the 15th they were attacked by Suwarrow, whofe army 
was now reinforced by that of general Kray, who took 
the command of the right wing, while Melas Conducted 
the left, and the centre was under prince Pangrazion, and 
Suwarrow in perfon. The aCtion began at five in the 
morning, and was continued with doubtful fuccefs for 
many hours. Soon after the commencement of the battle, 
while Joubert was urging his troops to charge with the 
bayonet, he received a mulket-lhot, and fell dead from 
N C E. S3$ 
his horfe. Moreau inftantly re furred the command, and 
led on the republican troops with fuch intrepid vigour, 
that the allied army gave way in all quarters. The Ruf¬ 
fians, in fuftaining this affiult, ftiffered very feverely. 
They made three unfuccefsful effo;ts to cut through the 
centre of the French, and on each occafion thole imme¬ 
diately engaged were all deftroyed. The laft attack along 
the whole line was made at three in the afternoon. The 
French remained unbroken ; and the day rmift Itiive ter¬ 
minated in the total defeat of the allies, had not Melas 
fucceeded in turning tire right flank of the French line. 
Their right wing was thus thrown into confulion. Melas 
purfued his advantage till he obtained poffelnon of Novi, 
which compelled the whole French army to retreat. The 
French loft four thonfand killed, and an equal number 
taken prifoners. The Andrians loft an equal number; 
but the lofs fuflained in the battle of Novi by the Ruffians, 
was never publilhed. Inflead of purfuing any further 
the advantages gained in Italy, the Aulic council at 
Vienna now directed Suwarrow to quit that country, in 
order to co-operate with another army of Ruffians in 
driving the French out of Swifferland. 
The republican armies in Swifferland, in the beginning of 
Aitguft 1799, were nearly in the fame politions they had oc. 
cupied in June. Vaft and daring projects of general attack, 
however, were formed by the directory ; in the execution 
of which Maffena was to drive the archduke Charles from 
Swifferland, and prevent every communication with Su¬ 
warrow.- In purfuance of this plan, Maffena made an 
attack along the whole line on the 14th of Auguft ; but in 
this aCtion the French were repulfed with confiderahle lofs. 
The iucurfions of the French on the Mefn, and their 
march towards Suabia, obliged the court of Vienna to 
order the archduke with his army to march immediately 
to its relief. He began accordingly to draw off his troops 
in the beginning of September, before Suwarrow was in 
readinefs to leave Italy. The archduke inarched with 
the bulk of bis army, about twenty thonfand men, to¬ 
wards Heidelberg and Manheim ; and, judging by the 
folicitude of the French the importance they attached to 
the prefervation of the latter place, lie refolved to detach 
them from this ftrong hold ; he therefore fucceffively at^ 
tacked the chain of works railed in front of Manheim on 
the land fide, carried them all by ftorm, and finally gained 
the town itfelf, which he gafrifoned, and deftroyed the 
outer intrenchments. After thefe advantages, the arch¬ 
duke fixed his head-quarters at Schwetzingen, and did- 
patched a body of light troops with artillery, to fecure 
the city of Mentz, and repel the republicans in every di¬ 
rection from it. 
T! e Ruffian troops fent to fupply the deficiency of the 
Auflrians in Swifferland, were led by general Korfakow, 
a man in military taCtics far inferior to the archduke. 
This army, however, was ordered to prepare for an aCtive 
exertion, dictated by a letter from Suwarrow ; and which 
the altered (late of the force in Swifferland rendered ne- 
ceffary. Its object was to recover poffellion of the fmall 
cantons, and turn the polition fo long held by Maffena on 
the lakes of Lucerne and Zug, and on the Albis, which 
would have obliged him to retire on the Aar, the whole 
line of which it would have been impofiible for him to 
preferve. After performing the operations neceflary to 
this end, the allied corps were to unite in the canton of 
Lucerne, where they were to be joined by the main army 
under marefchal Suwarrow. 
Maffena having got information of thefe intentions, and 
of the moment intended for their execution, anticipated 
his opponents, by putting in motion on the 25th of Sep¬ 
tember fifty thoufand men on the line from the Linth to 
the Aar, twenty-four hours before the time when they 
meant to engage; a ftrong divifion of his troops having 1 
eroded the Linth, defeated a battalion of the regiment of 
Bender, and a Hungarian battalion which advanced to its 
fupport. Roufed'by the noife, and convinced that the 
attack was of the moll feriotts eoniequencej general Hotze 
jhaftened 
