850 FRA 
After fome flight fkirmilhes, in which the Auftrians 
proved fuccefsful, a decifive engagement was fought on 
the 3d of December 1800, between the Ifer and the Inn, 
on the heights which feparate Bierkraim and Neuniarckt, 
and near Hohenlinden, where the lalt armiftice was con¬ 
cluded, and which gave name to the prefent battle. The 
l'now fell in great abundance the whole day, during which 
victory was obftinately contefted from feven in the morn¬ 
ing till near night, and at laft decided by the bayonet. 
About three in the afternoon, the centre of the imperial- 
ills gave way ; their wings were fome time after put to 
the rout; eleven thoufand prifoners, and a hundred pieces 
of cannon, according to the French accounts, fell into 
their hands, and the remainder of the Auftrian army was 
faved by night alone. They retreated to the right bank 
of the Inn ; nor could the prefence of the archduke 
Charles, who in this dreadful emergency confented 10 
relume the command, rcllore their fpirits. The French, 
rapidly eroding the Inn, the Salza, the Ens, and the Ips, 
had made thernfelves mailers of Salzburg and Lint-z, and 
were on the 25th upon the banks of the Trazen, within 
feventeen leagues of Vienna; while Augereau, having 
defeated the Auftrians in feveral encounters, afeended the 
Rednitz, and approached the Danube. The capital be¬ 
came a prey to the moft anxious alarms, and felt a re¬ 
newal of all the terrors which occafioned the fignature of 
the treaty of Leoben. 
Nor were the affairs of the emperor more propitious in 
Italy. Macdonald, having fcaled the rocks of the Splu- 
gen, and traverfed in the midft of winter the chain of 
mountains which feparates the valleys of Mai’era, Adda, 
and Oglio, penetrated into Italy by the Upper Adige, to 
take in the rear the formidable lines of the Adige and the 
Mincio. Brune, having collected his forces on the banks 
of the Po, purfued the Auftrians to the Hates of Venice. 
Count Bellegarde, the fuccelior of Melas, defended the 
Mincio from Pefchierato Mantua ; but his intrenchments 
were forced after a fpirited refiftance on the 17th of No¬ 
vember. For twenty fucceftive days the French general 
continued his vidlorious career, palling the Adige, the 
Alpone, the Feaffuna, the Brenta, and eftablilhing his 
head-quarters at Trevifo, within a few leagues of Venice. 
Augereau and St. Suzanne were approaching the heredi¬ 
tary domains; while Macdonald, mailer of the moun¬ 
tains of the Tyrol, could with equal eafe defeend upon 
Germany or Italy. 
Under thefe circumftances the imperial cabinet again 
propofed an armiftice ; which was executed on the 25th 
of Decemby. between the archduke Charles and ge¬ 
neral Moreau at Steyer, and which, according to Moreau’s 
expreffion, “put it out of the power of the houfe of Auf- 
tria to relume hoftilities.” A convention for Italy equally 
favourable to the republicans was executed at Treviio, 
on the j6th of January, 1801, by which the fortreffes of 
Pelchiera, Ferrara, Porto Legnano, and Ancona, were 
ceded to France. To thefe Mantua was added by a fub- 
fequent treaty. Thefe cefiions were the forerunners of a 
general pacification on the continent. The king of Na¬ 
ples obtained an armiftice; and fubfequently concluded 
peace, on the hard but inevitable conditions of opening 
his ports to the French, and (hutting them againft.all En- 
glilh velfels; engaging to furnilh neither provilions nor 
ammunition to Malta, and paying a large fum to the 
F'rench republic. A congrefs at Luneville ipeedily ar¬ 
ranged preliminary articles of peace between the conti¬ 
nental powers, which were definitively ratified by the im¬ 
perial diet on the 9th of February 1801, leaving Great 
Britain to fight her own battles, againft the united power 
ef France, Spain, and Holland. 
France, however, began now to feel the benefit of her 
continental victories ; as well as of an union of fentiment 
in her conftituted authorities. Many falutary regulations 
took place, new laws were promulgated, and perfonal 
fafety, and private property, became more fecure. Af¬ 
ter fo long a ftorm, the tranquillity that enfued was en- 
N C E. 
joyed with, rapture ; and the refpite from profewption 
and domeftic broils was confidered as a boon conferred by 
Providence. In the mean time the chief conful, furrounded 
by.a brilliant affemblage of troops, aff'etfted to blend all 
the ftate of the ancient kings of France with that of the 
emperors of the Weft; being furrounded by numerous 
guards, attended by the prefects of the palace, and ap¬ 
pearing on great occafions with condefcenfion in prefence 
of the people. Foreign potentates and princes bent be¬ 
fore the confular dignity; and the fafees of modern Gaul 
appeared to regulate the movements of the whole conti¬ 
nent. Thofe powers which had waged war againft the 
republic were now eager to fupplicate peace, and ready 
to confent to almoft any terms which the vidtor thought 
fit to impofe. 
The eledtor-palatine of Bavaria about this time nego- 
ciated a treaty, by which he renounced the duchies of ju- 
liers, Deux Pont?, and their dependencies, together with 
the bailiwick of the palatinate of the Rhine, fituated upon 
the left bank of that- river. The regencies of Algiers 
and Tunis alfo haftened to acknowledge the confular go¬ 
vernment, and agreed to releale fuch of the I'rench as had 
been made flaves, to reftore all the fequeltered property, 
and to grant new and beneficial privileges. 
But the policy of Bonaparte was moft fingularly dif- 
played by a pacification with another power, an intimate 
alliance with which contributed not a little to the tran¬ 
quillity of France. By a convention with the pope, Sep¬ 
tember 10, 1801, the firft conful was not only acknow¬ 
ledged to poffefs all the privileges of the ancient monar¬ 
chy of France, fo far as concerned public worfhip, but 
new and effential immunities were granted for the Galil¬ 
ean church. His holinefs agreed to procure the refigna- 
tion of the prelates who had adhered to the old eftablifh- 
ment, and the chief conful was to nominate to all the va¬ 
cant fees. A new and more fuitable formula of prayer 
was introduced, adapted to the confular government :—■ 
‘ ‘ Domi/ie, falvam fac rempublieam ;— Domine, falvos fac con¬ 
futes .”—His holinefs likewife folemnly covenanted in be¬ 
half of himfelf and his fuccelfors, that thofe who had ac¬ 
quired the alienated property of the church, fliould not 
be difturbed. By a concordat, agreed to foon after, the 
apoftolical and Roman faith was declared to be the eftab- 
liftied religion of the ftate, and the Catholics were to pay 
one-tenth of their taxes to defray the expences of public 
worlhip. But on the other hand, its proceftions and ce¬ 
remonies were to be fubjedled to the civil power, while 
the chief conful was to be declared the head of the Gal¬ 
ilean church, and the bilhops and priefts were to make a 
lolentn p-romife of fidelity to the confular fupremacy. 
In the midft of thefe laurel-crowned honours, and in 
the hope of extending a copious enjoyment of them to 
the people of France, as well as to himfelf, Bonaparte 
moft anxioufly panted for a peace with England. For 
fome time paft an active intercoude had taken place be¬ 
tween the two governments; but which was notwith- 
ftanding Hill prolonged by the lofty demands of the firft 
conful. Flags of truce and of defiance were actually dif- 
played at the fame time on the coaft of France ; fo that 
while Boulogne and Dunkirk were blockaded by the Eng- 
lifh fleets, the ports of Dover and Calais were open to the 
meffengers of the courts of St. James’s and the Thuil- 
leries. At length, the news of the fate of the French 
army in Egypt, and the entire reconqueft of that country 
by the Britifh arms, directed by thole able generals Aber- 
crombieand Hutchinfon, fuddenly arriving at both courts, 
the tone of the firft conful was lowered, and the fignature 
of the preliminaries of peace between England on the 
one part, and France, Spain, and Holland, on the other, 
on the ift of October 1801, was fpeedily announced, to the 
undilfembled joy of Europe. Amiens, the city affigned 
for the difeuflion of a definitive treaty, was vilited in the 
courfe of a few months by the minifters of the refpedtive 
powers : on which occalion the marquis Cornwallis repre- 
fented Great Britain 3 citizen Jofeph Bonaparte, France; 
