FRA 
don John Nicholas Azarra,Spain; and Roger John Schim- 
melpenninck, Holland. This long-ex peeled treaty was 
figned, ratified, and promulged, according to the eda- 
bfifiled forms, on the 27th of March 1S02 This event 
ditfufed a lively joy throughout the Brttifh empire: but 
in France the acclamations were unbounded, and all 
ranks were alike emulous to celebrate a period, which 
to them might be confidered lefs as a reflation from the 
innumerable perils of war, than a triumphal epoch, when 
the independence for which they had lo long combated 
was not only afeertained, but their innumerable acquifi- 
tions folemnly recognifed in the face of Europe and of 
all mankind. 
The facrifices of England, upon this occafion, were 
both numerous and important; as the cetfions on her 
part confided of all the .poffeflions and colonies captured 
or acquired during the war, with the exception only of 
the Spanifh illand of Trinidad, and the Dutch pod'edions 
in Ceylon. It was however dipulated, in behalf of her 
allies, that the territories of her mod faithful majedy the 
queen of Portugal, were to be maintained in their inte¬ 
grity in tire fame manner as previoufiy to the commence¬ 
ment of the war; but an agreement was entered into, in 
oppofition to the fpirit and letter of this article, that the 
limits of French Guiana in America fitould be extended, 
and the dominions of Portugal in Europe curtailed, con¬ 
formably to the treaty of Badajos. 
The houfe of Nalfau was alfo to receive an adequate 
compenfation for its Ioffes in Holland ; yet it appeared 
by a feparate declaration, figned on'the fame day with 
the treaty of Amiens, on the part of the French and 
Dutch miniders, that the Batavian republic was not to 
furnifh any portion of the indemnity : certain it is, that 
this interpofition excited fo little gratitude in the bofom 
of the prince of Orange, that he left England, after ex¬ 
hibiting the mod unequivocal marks of his difapprobation 
in a letter addreffed to the king. 
The republic of the Seven Ionian Ifles, Corfu, Cepha- 
lonia, Zante, &c. eredted under the protection of the 
Ruffian and Ottoman emperors, was at the fame time ac¬ 
knowledged : Malta, Gozo, and Comino, were to be re- 
dored to the order of St. John of Jerufalem, and it was 
agreed that the forces of his Britannic majedy diould eva¬ 
cuate thofe poffeffions within three months after the ex¬ 
change of the ratifications ; but the dipulations were fo 
numerous, and the arrangements fo intricate, that this 
10th article of the treaty foon became productive of un. 
ceafing jealoufies. 
The princes of the houfe of Bourbon, in behalf of 
whom England appeared at one time to have armed, and 
for whefe caufe the continental powers pretended to have 
fird taken the field, were left unnoticed; while the un¬ 
fortunate houfe of Savoy, the dominions of which had 
been fpecifically guaranteed by a folemn treaty, was left 
to its fate. 
Thus ended one of the longed, mod intereding, and 
mod bloody, conteds, which modern times have witneffed. 
It is not a little lingular that no one of the great objeCts 
originally aimed at by any of the belligerent powers, ex¬ 
cept that of France, was obtained by an appeal to arms. 
The treaties of Luneville and Amiens, however, by 
changing the relative fituations of the various dates in 
this quarter of the globe, have forced Europe to adiime 
a novel afpeCt, and to become in a great meafure tributary 
and dependent. The boaded balance of power is chang¬ 
ed, and the political chart is henceforth to be calculated 
on a new fcale, and didinguidied by tides and dignities 
ereCted as monuments to the victorious arms of the French 
republic, the foie parent of thefe new dates. 
I he C-.falpine republic, chiefly compofed of territories 
difmembered from the houfe of Audria, was at once 
created and protected by France; while the Venetian pof¬ 
feffions on the continent have beer-, fubjected, in their 
turn, to the government of the court of Vienna. Genoa, 
anciently related from dependence by the vvifdom and 
N ( C E. 85 1 
firmnefs of Andrew; Doria, and once famous in the annals 
of war and of commerce, is now the Ligurian republic ; 
while, by an exprefs convention, allowed to take place 
between Ruffin and the Porte, the fettlements in the 
Ionian fea, recently fnbjugated by their arms, are to affume 
the name of the republic of the Seven Ifles. This republic, 
by a lolecitm in politics, is to be at once free, and depen¬ 
dent ; to be regulated by no fuperior, and yet to be tri¬ 
butary to the grand fultan ; and the fum of 75,000 piadres 
is to be tranfmitted annually to Condantinople by a folemn 
embaffy ! 
The holy prela-fe who has afeended the pontifical throne 
under the name ot Pius VII. retains but a fmall portion 
ot the patrimony of St. Peter; and in date and grandeur 
fcarcely equals a cardinal of thofe times when the ter¬ 
rors of the triple crown appalled the mod powerful fove- 
reigns of Europe. Chiaromonti, the prefent pope, more 
politic, more fage, and more humble, than his predecef- 
ibr Brafchi, Pius VI. is, at the fame time, better acquaint¬ 
ed with the fpirit of the age in which he lives ; and, in 
imitation of the primitive fathers of the church of Rome, 
knows how to bend like a willow beneath that dorm, 
which would root up the oppofing oak, and fcatter its 
branches in the air. 
The fituation of the houfe of Savoy, fo profperotts 
during the early part of the preceding century, has be¬ 
come peculiarly difadrous. The defeendant of Viffor 
Amadeus, now Emanuel V. on whofe head the crown of 
Sardinia has been fcarcely permitted to totter, difguded 
with his fate, and but little anxious to vidt the unhealthy 
ifle that conditutes at once his royalty and his territories, 
abdicated his throne, and declared his intentions of living 
in Italy as a private gentleman. 
Ferdinand IV. king of the Two Sicilies, who, dying 
before an infurgent people and an invading enemy, fcarce¬ 
ly deemed Palermo fecure from the vengeance of the 
Parthenopean republic ; aided however, by the martial 
fpirit of an adventurous pried, (hielded by the protection 
of Ruflia, and fupported by the vidtorious fleets of Eng¬ 
land, he once more returned to his capital; and after an¬ 
nulling a folemn treaty entered into in his own name with 
his viceroy, and threatening to annihilate the whole order 
of nobility from the golden book, he quietly refigned a 
fmall portion of bis dominions as the price of peace. 
The archduke Ferdinand, brother to the emperor, and 
grand duke of Tufcany, bereaved of Florence, Leghorn, 
and the adjacent territories, was referred to the rent-rolls 
and monadic inditutions of the German dignitaries', for a 
compenfation : while France, which had (worn an immor¬ 
tal antipathy to kings, conveyed his dominions to a lira ti¬ 
ger, and inveded the fon-in-law of the king of Spain 
with the enfigns of royalty. 
France, herfelf, after fudaining ages of nerfecution, and 
after undergoing the manifold afflictions enumerated in 
the preceding pages, thus obtained every object which 
could be coveted by a brave ancl adventurous people. 
With the exception of one (ingle nation alone, die has 
either terrified or overpowered every foe with her devour¬ 
ing armies ; while countries hitherto accudomed only to 
the Oioutsof triumph, have fiirunk and withered beneath 
the ardour of her innumerable warriors. The Alps, the 
Apennines, the Pyrennees, have been fealed ; the Rhine, 
the Trebia, the Inn, and the Danube, have been fuccefs- 
fully eroded, by her intrepid legions. 
The battles of Fleurus, of Lodi, of Marengo, and of 
Hohenlinden, have added a population of thirteen millions 
to an empire which, during the early part of the reign of 
Louis XIV. had nearly wreded the feeptre of indepen¬ 
dence from Europe affociated againd it. The narrow 
feas, the Pyrennees, the Mediterranean, and the utmod 
frontiers of Piedmont, convey out a feeble idea of the % 
limits of confular France, armed with the 1 'upport ot Hol¬ 
land, Spain, and Swilferland, againd every opponent in the 
.north, arid wielding the new republics of Italy againd its 
enemies in the fuuth, of Europe. From the houfe of 
1 Audria 
