F R A 
ftate, and of the joS prefe&s, require another five mil¬ 
lions. The eleven archbifhops, the fifty-eight bifhops, 
tbe fuperior judges, the 500 fub-prefefts, the 7000 places 
in the legion of honour, the 9000 brevets for the lyceums, 
prytaneums, polytechnic fchool, military academy, &c. 
form a very heavy charge on governor nt. We mud not 
overlook the perfonal liberalities of the emperor to artifts 
and men of letters; among whom he diftributed in the 
year 11, more than half a million of livres; and in the 
fame year 5962 livres w'ere bellowed by the fame hand for 
the encouragement of agriculture ! The author obferves, 
that “ to the expences of a fplendid monarchy and a mag¬ 
nificent court, France now adds thofe of an organized re¬ 
public. It maintains a fenate, an aflembly of legiflufors, 
and another of tribunes. Every thing in finance, and in 
every adminifirative branch, is confidered by Napoleon, 
folely as it extends his influence, and fecures him depen¬ 
dents and partizans ; and not a decade has palled fince the 
18th Brumaire, without the French chief having created 
fotne new place. He keeps all the population of France 
dependent on him, by aftual gratuities, by promifes, by 
hope, or by fear. If we except the fenatorfliips, the rank of 
marefchals,and the grand dignitaries-of the empire, all the 
places to which we have alluded are held during pleafure. 
Of the penfioners and flock-holders, he has the complete 
command. Fifty-four thoufand petitioners confult his 
nod, from the hope of being admitted into the legion ot 
honour; while archbifhops and bifhops, and the three pro- 
teftant miniflersof Paris, have accepted of the diftinftion. 
In his thirty lyceums, the only fchools now in France in 
which fcience and letters can be flndied, lie maintains 
gratis 6,400 pupils for fix years. The brevets foradmif- 
fion come from the emperor himfelf; and 100,000 families 
are thus kept dependent on him. We have noticed the 
100,000 employed in collecting the revenue; there are 
alfo 10,000 infpeftors and furveyors- of tor^fts, belides 
large bodies of civil engineers, contractors, &c. He dif- 
pofes of the honours and prizes in the inftitute, and thus 
chains the mules to his car ; the advocate, in order to plead 
in the courts of law, mult obtain a brevet immediately 
from him; and he appoints to the chairs of the profetrors 
of theology.” 
The whole of the above revenue, it behoves us to ob- 
.ferve, was calculated upon a peace eflablilhment in the 
yeariS04. 'Tn 1805, the expences of the year were efti- 
mated- at 684 millions of livres, about twenty-eight mil¬ 
lions flerling. The civil lilt is fiated at twenty-feven mil¬ 
lions, about a million and a quarter. Among!! the ways 
and means is a land-tax of 206 millions; a poll-tax of 
thirty-two millions; and a door and window tax of 250 
millions of livres. But for the maintenance of the war, 
the fum of 6,250,0001. flerling, was at once received in 
contributions from Spain, Portugal, Holland, and Hano¬ 
ver; independently of which aid in money, nearly a fourth 
part of the French army was maintained at the expence of 
Italy, Holland, and Hanover. M. Hauterive, one of the 
minifters of ftate under Napoleon, declared officially, 
“ that in the firft campaign in Italy, little more than one 
year’s refidence of the French army beyond the Alps, had 
laved to the national treafury an expenditure of more 
than one hundred and flxty millions of livres.” But all 
this bears no proportion to the incalculable fums extorted 
by forced contributions in the conquered diftrifts of Ger¬ 
many, over and above the 200,000,000 of livres acknow¬ 
ledged to have been received by Napoleon, in the official 
proclamation publilhed on the 17th of February 1806. 
Cou'd fuch means of railing money be once made a part 
of the permanent revenues of France, there can be no 
doubt but her income would conftantly maintain her ex¬ 
penditure, without the neceffity of incurring a national 
debt. The internal affairs of Paris were immediately re¬ 
lieved by the arrival of the emperor in January, with Inch 
an immenfe quantity of fpecie from Germany; and he 
very liberally enabled the Parifian national bank, which 
N C E. 809 
had flopped payment, to open its funftions with accu¬ 
mulated reputation. 
France has always been confidered as a country teem¬ 
ing with population, which quickly enables her to reco¬ 
ver her vigour after fltipendous lofles. It appears from a 
great ftatiftical work now publiffiing in France, that the 
old territory of that country has rather augmented than 
diminilhed during, and fince, the revolution. Mr. Mal- 
thus, fellow of Jefus-college, Cambridge, in his “ EfTay 
on Population,” publiflied in 1803, has llievvn very fatifi- 
faftorily, that thefe ftatements are for the moil part 
founded in truth. He quotes M. Peuchet as ftating, in 
his Effai d'une Statijhque Generate, that in France 600,000 
perfons annually arrive at the age of eighteen, while it is 
laid down by M. Necker, that 440,000 annually contract 
marriage; which gives a furplus of 80,000 males, who 
are not neceflary to carry on the population. It is alfo 
found that there were 1,451,063 of unmarried males, be¬ 
tween the ages of eighteen and fifty. Suppofe, then, that 
of the unmarried males 600,000 were taken to form ar¬ 
mies ; and that, in order to preferve entire this eftabliffi- 
ment, 150,000 recruits were annually neceflary ; the 
number of males every year attaining the age of puberty, 
and the flock of the unmarried above-mentioned, would 
furnifh this fupply. This procefs might continue for tea 
years, and allow the average number of marriages of for¬ 
mer years to be increafed by 10,000. Each year would, 
indeed, diminifh the above clafs of unmarried by feveral 
paffing the age of fifty : but then, though they might 
ceafe to be fit for war, they would dill be able to contri-- 
bute to the population ; and, in this refpeft, would fup¬ 
ply the places of younger perfons who had been taken to 
the armies. The war, he thinks, would rather favour 
than be prejudicial to population in the interior. 
It is generally admitted that agriculture did not decline 
in France during the late war; but that, on the contrary, 
the dominion of the plough was extended, land was more 
fubdivided, and confequently the grofs produce increafed : 
which is all that relates to mere population. The tliin- 
nefs. of the towns, and the higher price of labour, would 
diminifh the mortality, where violence did net operate; 
while the great increafe of illegitimate children, the 
temporary effect of the immoral fubverfion of all religion, 
and the impolitic law of divorce, added to the former mar¬ 
riages, would occafion the births to increafe in the pro¬ 
portion of one-feventh of the whole. Mr. Malthus al¬ 
lows that the “ AnaiyJ'e des Precis Verbaux des Conjcils Gene, 
raux de Departement ,” deferibes the population and agri¬ 
culture of France in a manner far lefs favourable than is 
confident with the faffs and calculations on which he has 
founded his conclufions. It is alfo an admifiion of the 
author, and certainly an important one, “ that though 
the numerical population of France may not have fuffered 
by the revolution ; yet, that if her Ioffes have been in any 
degree equal to tbe conjectures on the fubjeft, her mili¬ 
tary flrength cannot be unimpaired. Her population at 
prefent nmft confift of a much greater proportion than 
ufual of women and children ; and the body of unmarried 
perfons of a military age, mufi be diminiffied in a very 
ftriking degree. This, indeed, is known to be the cafe, 
from the returns of the prefefts, which have already been 
received. 
“ It has appeared, that the point at which the drains of 
men will begin effientially to affeft the population of a 
country, is, when the original body of unmarried perfons 
is exhanfted, and the annual demands are greater than the 
excefs of the number of males riling annually to the age 
of puberty, above the number wanted to complete the 
ufual proportion of annual marriages. France was pro¬ 
bably at fome diflance from this point, at the conclufion 
of the former war ; but, in the prefent ftate of her popula¬ 
tion, with an increafed proportion of women and children, 
and a great diminution of males of a military age, ffie 
could Scarcely make the fame gigantic exertions which 
were 
