100 
BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE BOTANY OF BORNEO. 
distribution, and very many of them are pantropic. When, 
however, we turn our attention to the characteristic 
elements of the primeval forest it is found that, while repre¬ 
sentatives of hundreds of genera are found in both the 
Philippines and in Borneo, the species are for the most 
part different, and but a single genus, Philbornea , is con¬ 
fined to the two regions, and this genus does not occur in 
the Philippines proper but in Palawan, Very few species 
are confined to the two regions. 
At higher altitudes a very few species occur in both the 
Philippines and in Borneo, such as Centrolepis philip - 
pinensis , Merr., which are known only from the two 
regions; others occuring in Borneo and the Philippines 
are also found in other islands, such as Formosa, Celebes, 
and New Guinea, In the primeval forest, at low and 
medium altitudes, scarcely more species are known with 
the limited distribution of Borneo and the Philippines 
than are known from higher latitudes. This is in marked 
contrast to the Philippines and Celebes, where perhaps 
seventy species, many of them markedly characteristic, 
and five or six monotypic genera are known only from 
Celebes and the Philippines; relatively, the flora of Celebes 
is no better known than is that of Borneo. It seems as 
though the Philippine flora is just as closely allied to that 
of far distant Fiji and Samoa as it is to that of its close 
neighbour Borneo. 
At the time our Bornean material was being received, 
considerable attention was being given to the publications 
bearing on the Indo-Malayan flora with a view to com¬ 
pleting our card index to Philippine species. In connection 
with this Philippine work it entailed but slightly more 
time and labour to prepare a card index to those species 
credited to Borneo. At the same time, a set of cards was 
prepared representing the titles and authors of papers in 
which direct references are made to Borneo, and these 
cards have been the basis of the present bibliography. 
It is not contended that the bibliography is complete, 
but it is hoped that most of the important references to 
Borneo are included. The bibliography was prepared with 
reference chiefly to those publications available in the 
library of the Bureau of Science, Manila, and this library 
dates only from the year 1902. Incompleteness in the 
present bibliography, as the bibliography is restricted 
below, may to a large degree be explained by the lack of 
library facilities in Manila, In the case of some botanical 
