KEYS TO THE FERNS OF BORNEO 421 
if drawn down to sha.rp points, or cordate, if the down¬ 
ward projections are broad and rounded. 
The margin may be entire, that is, an unbroken line; 
sinuate or wavy; crenate, meaning occasionally indented, 
with broad, round projections between the indentations; 
dentate, or toothed with equal-sided teeth ; serrate, with 
teeth like those of a saw ; lobed, if cut not more than half¬ 
way to the midrib into divisions which are separated by 
rounded spaces, cleft or divided if similarly cut with sharp 
incisions between the lobes ; partite if more deeply cut by 
sharp incisions. If the incisions between the parts of the 
frond reach to the midrib, the frond becomes compound. 
The surface may be smooth or glabrous; glaucous, if 
covered with a fine waxy or mealy substance which usually 
makes it bluish, but sometimes white; or it may be pubes¬ 
cent, which is a general term, meaning that there are 
scales or hairs present. The scales may be like those on 
the rhizome, but are usually smaller and more likely to 
be ciliate (finely hairy around the edge), cut or lacerate. 
If attached by the middle or some other point than the 
base, the scale is peltate. Hairs may be simple or 
branched, and may be glandular or not so. If colorless, 
they are called hyaline. If a leaf is densely hairy, it 
becomes velvety if the hairs are close and short; hirsute, 
if the hairs are long and “ hairlike;” or tomentose, if 
woolly. These terms may be applied to the whole leaf, 
to one of its surfaces, or to some particular part such as 
the midrib or veins. 
The common terms applied to the texture of leaves 
are membranaceous, or very thin ; herbaceous, or typically 
leaflike; papyraceous, or paper-like; chartaceous, or like 
heavy paper; and coriaceous, or like leather. 
