BY J. C. MOULTON. 
199 
Burma. These three countries share an older eastern 
element of continental origin, but the Malay Peninsula 
alone of these has an essentially Malayan element, which 
it shares with the true Malayan countries of Borneo and 
Sumatra, together with their adjacent islands (Billiton, 
Banka, Natunas, &c.). 
The so-called Malayan fauna no doubt had its origin in 
the eastern portion of the Asiatic continent. We may 
refer to it by a general term “ Indo-Malayan ” as opposed 
to the “ Austro-Malayan ” fauna which characterizes the 
eastern portion of the Malay Archipelago, and whose 
character has been determined by a northern extension 
of Australian (s.l.) forms. Within our “Indo-Malayan” 
region we get the formation of a purer Malayan fauna in 
the more restricted area I have called “ Neomalaya.” 
The following bibliography refers to papers on Bornean 
butterflies only. More general works, like Distant’s 
Rhopalocera Malayana , Moore’s Lepidoptera Indica , and 
Staudinger’s Schmetterlinge das Inseln Philippinischen , &c., 
contain references to Bornean species, but they are too well 
known to need mention. 
Bibliography. 
1887. Distant, W. L. & Pryer, W. B.: “ On the 
Rhopalocera of North Borneo,” Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 
ser. 5, vol. xix. pp. 41-56, 264-275. 
1894. Pryer, W. B. & Gator, D. : “ Preliminary List 
of the Bhopalocera of Borneo,” British North Borneo 
Herald , vol. xii. pp. 201-202, 284-235, 258-260, 283-287. 
1896. Bartlett, E.: “ The Rhopalocera of Borneo,” 
Sarawak Gazette , vol. xxvi. pp. 46, 64, 91, 110, 131, 177, 
196, 220, 241. 
1901. Shelford, R.: “A List of the Butterflies of Mt. 
Penrissen, Sarawak, with Notes on the Species,” Journ. 
Str. Br. Boy. Asiat. Soc. No. 35, pp. 29-42. 
1904 and 1906. Shelford, R.: “ A List of the Butter¬ 
flies of Borneo,” Journ. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. No. 41, 
Pt. i. Nymphalidae, pp. 81-111; and No. 45, Pt. ii. pp. 
89-136. 
1911 and 1914. Moulton, J. C.: “A List of the 
Butterflies of Borneo,” Journ. Str. Br. Roy. Asiat. Soc. 
No. 60, Pt. iii. pp. 73-176; and No. 67, Pt. iv. 
pp. 1-56. 
1913. Moulton, J. G. : “On some new and little known 
