BY J. C. MOULTON. 
217 
128. Cethosia biblis Drury sandakana Fruhst. 
North Borneo (Sandakan); India, China, Malaya. 
129. C. hypsea Doubld. hypsea Doubld. 
Borneo; Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Banka, 
Palawan. 
180. Precis iphita Cr. horsfieldi Moore. 63 
Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Palawan; 
China, India, Ceylon, Sumba, Lombok. 
181. P. hedonia Linn, ida Cr. 
Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, Philip¬ 
pines ; Celebes, Moluccas, New Guinea, Australia. 
132. P. atlites Linn, atlites Linn. 
Borneo, India, China and Malaya; Celebes. 
183. P. almana Linn, javana Feld. 
North Borneo, Malay Peninsula, Sumatra, Java, 
Lombok ; India, China, Japan, Philippines, Celebes, 
Sumba, Sumbawa. 
134. P. orithya Linn, metion Fruhst. 64 
Borneo ; China, India, Malaya, Australia, Africa. 
135. Vanessa canace Linn , perakana Dist. 65 
North Borneo (Kinabalu), Perak; Sumatra, Java, 
Philippines, Japan, China, India and Ceylon. 
63 Shelford demurred to the splitting of Precis iphita into subspecies on 
the grounds of its variability and our lack of breeding experiments ; but he 
accepted Fruhstorfer’s name tosca for the Sumatran and Bornean forms. 
The Sarawak series is very variable in colour, and on that character alone 
embraces the forms recognized by Fruhstorfer as tosca (Sumatra), horsfieldi 
(Perak, Java, Bali), viridis (Kinabalu), neglecta (Sandakan) and adelaida 
(Palawan). 
From the continental form all these forms may be known by the broader 
and more pronounced dark postmedian band of the hind wing above. In 
the fore wing the dark median band in Bornean specimens is usually much 
produced distally at the cell to touch the postmedian band, but in two 
examples there is an even band of light grey-green or grey-brown from costa 
to inner margin uninterrupted, though angled at cell. 
Subspecific names, it seems to me, should be given only when we are 
completely satisfied that the forms so separated really represent distinct 
geographical races. With a variable widespread species this is extremely 
difficult to settle, and a “ blanket ” name is better employed provisionally. 
64 Recorded by Shelford and others as P. orithya wallacei Dist., which 
occurs in the Malay Peninsula and differs from the Bornean form in a few 
small, but apparently constant, features. 
The Bornean form is separated by Fruhstorfer as maniliana on “ the 
presence of the very broad, light blue band on the fore wing, which is 
united with the discoidal spot,” and the darker under side. A good series 
from Kinabalu shows no difference in the width of fore wing on comparison 
with Distant’s figure of perakana, and the discoidal spot is certainly 
separated in most. The under side is certainly a little darker, but this 
counts for nothing in a procryptic pattern of the Vanessa type. 
