dissolved  haemoglobin  present  in  the  urine,  and  for  this  purpose  it 
has  also  been  necessary  to  investigate  quantitatively  the  action  of 
urine  upon  haemoglobin.  Further  light  upon  the  mechanism  of 
production  of  blackwater  fever  has  also  been  obtained  by  studying 
redwater  and  by  experimentally  producing  haemoglobinuria  in 
animals.* 
The  attacks  of  blackwater  fever  which  we  have  investigated  have 
been  twenty  in  number,  and  were  kindly  brought  under  our 
observation  by  the  Nyasaland  Government  medical  staff  and  by  the 
medical  officers  of  the  Shire  Flighlands  Railway  Company. 
Our  thanks  are  also  due  to  the  Nyasaland  Government  for 
providing  us  with  rooms  at  the  Hospital  at  Blantyre. 
Our  report  was  completed  in  the  Runcorn  Research  Laboratories 
of  the  Liverpool  School  of  Tropical  Medicine. 
I.  THE  HAEMOLYSIS  OF  RED  BLOOD  CELLS  BY  QUININE 
AND  ALSO  BY  ACID,  ALKALI  AND  URINE. 
a.  The  action  of  quinine,  acid  and  alkali  on  healthy  red.  blood  cells. 
I.  Action  of  quinine  bihydrochloride  on  red  blood  cells  in  varying 
concentrations. 
In  testing  the  haemolytic  action  of  quininet  upon  red  blood  cells 
the  bihydrochloride  was  used  because  its  greater  solubility  in  water 
permitted  the  employment  of  a  wider  range  of  concentration  than 
would  have  been  possible  had  the  monochloride  or  sulphate  been 
chosen.  In  the  first  three  series  of  experiments  the  action  of  the 
*  See  Table  of  Contents,  p.  l. 
t  The  only  work  on  this  subject  appears  to  be  that  ol  Nocbt,  IJher  Schtvarz- 
'wasserfieber,  V'erbandlungen  des  deutschen  Kolonialkongtesses,  1905,  who  stated  that 
2  mgrm.  of  quinine  in  5  c.cm.  of  a  10  per  cent,  dilution  of  defibrinated  blood  in  a  0'9  per  cent, 
sodium  chloride  solution  was  the  maximum  amount  which  could  be  added  short  of 
causing  haemolysis. 
