507 
4-  Sierra  Leone 
Here,  as  the  difficulties  of  immediately  dealing-  with  the  town  were 
great,  the  piinciple  of  segregation  -was  adopted.  A  cantonment  was 
constructed  on  the  hills  away  from  native  dwellings,  with  the  result 
that  malaria  has  entirely  disappeared  among  the  resident  European 
Government  officials.  Among  Government  officials  elsewhere, 
cjuinine  prophylaxis  has  been  carried  out  with  beneficial  results 
In  the  city  of  Freetown,  an  intensely  malarial  place,  the  three 
main  streams  which  were  prolific  sources  of  Anophelines  have  been 
canalised,  resulting  in  a  marked  diminution  in  the  number  of 
mosquitoes.  Oiling  of  the  pools  was  also  extensively  resorted  to, 
and  a  clause  rendering  it  a  punishable  offence  to  have  mosquito  larvae 
in  the  compounds  was  passed.  Unfortunately  it  is  very  difficult  to 
get  the  native  municipality,  who  control  local  sanitation,  to  move  in 
the  matter,  and  progress  is  very  slow. 
5.  Italy 
Some  parts  of  this  country  are  among  the  most  malarious  in  the 
world,  as  many  as  11,000  deaths  formerly  taking  place  in  the  year, 
and  the  difficulties  were  very  great  owing  to  the  enormous  tracts 
of  country  to  be  dealt  with,  and  the  nature  of  the  agricultural  cultiva¬ 
tion.  Thus,  though  drainage  and  agrarian  sanitation  were  carried 
out,  it  was  found  difficult  to  proceed  rapidly  with  this  on  a  large  scale, 
owing  to  the  great  expense  involved.  But  while  it  was  recognised 
that  the  ultimate  aim  must  be  the  reduction  of  the  Anopheline 
Mosquito  by  means  of  agrarian  sanitation,  it  was  found  that  an 
incalculable  saving  in  health  and  life  could  in  the  meantime  be 
effected  by  other  means,  namely,  firstly,  by  methods  of  mechanical 
prophylaxis,  that  is  by  protecting  the  individual  from  the  bite  of 
mosquitoes,  and,  secondly,  by  medical  prophylaxis,  that  is  by  the 
preventive  use  of  quinine,  and  it  is  in  Italy  that  perhaps  this  method 
has  been  most  extensively  and  thoroughly  carried  out. 
