512 
On  this  Professor  Angelo  Cello  remarks  that  ‘  It  appears  that  the 
‘  annual  consumption  of  State  quinine  has  progressively  increased 
‘  from  2,242  to  20,723  kilogrammes  (4,941  to  45,673  lbs.),  and  that  in 
‘  the  respective  quinquennia  the  mortality  from  malaria  has  progres- 
‘  sively  diminished  two-thirds. 
‘  This  intimate  relation  between  the  progressive  increase  of  the 
'  one,  and  the  progressive  diminution  of  the  other,  cannot  honestly  be 
‘  ignored  or  denied. 
‘  In  fact  from  1887  to  the  end  of  1895  upwards  of  15,000  persons 
‘  died  annually  from  malaria . Owing  to  the  introduction 
‘  and  the  continuously  increasing  diffusion  of  the  State  quinine,  the 
‘  mortality  from  year  to  year  has  rapidly  fallen  to  less  than  5,000 
‘  victims,  and  the  characteristic  periodic  recrudescences  have  no  longer 
‘  presented  themselves. 
‘  Now  who  can  deny  to-day  that  quinine  is  not  the  sovereign 
‘  remedy,  and  that  only  those  die  from  malaria  who  do  not  take  it  in 
‘time  and  in  sufficient  quantity?’ 
Concurrently  with  these  measures  a.  wide  propaganda  as  to  the 
causes  and  prevention  of  malaria  has  been  made  by  means  of  the 
distribution  of  handbills,  pamphlets,  and  by  giving  lectures  and 
demonstrations.  In  other  words,  a  serious  effort  has  been  made  to 
educate  the  public  as  to  evils  of  malaria  and  the  means  of 
mitigating  the  scourge. 
6.  The  Panama  Canal 
To  come  a  little  nearer  home,  the  work  which  has  been  done  at 
Panama  by  the  Americans  is  a  striking  lesson  of  what  can  be  done  by 
systematic  and  prolonged  efforts  on  a  scientific  basis,  by  a  strong 
Government,  under  climatic  conditions  which  approximate  very 
closely  to  those  which  obtain  in  the  Island  of  Jamaica. 
The  measures  adopted  here  have  been  the  formation  of  a 
Mosquito  Brigade  which  undertakes  the  cleaning  of  ditches,  filling 
up  swamps  and  holes,  cleaning  of  pools,  oiling  of  ditches,  pools,  etc., 
making  of  cement  gutters,  screening  of  houses,  etc.  No  fewer  than 
2,674  lbs.  of  quinine  were  distributed. 
The  results,  for  which  I  am  indebted  to  the  courtesy  of  Professor 
