A R A 
and Seleucis, at the didance of twenty dadia from a dan¬ 
gerous coad; all of it a rock furrounded by the fea, in 
cpmpafs feven dadia; and forming a very powerful city 
and republic. It is now called Ronad\ but not a fingle 
wall is remaining of all that multitude of houfes which, 
according to Strabo, were built with more dories than 
even thofe of Rome. The liberty enjoyed by the inha¬ 
bitants had rendered it very populous; and it fubfified by 
naval commerce, manufactures, and arts. At prefent the 
ifland is deierted ; nor has tradition even retained the me¬ 
mory of a fpring of frefh water in its environs, which the 
people of Aradus difcovered at the bottom of the fea, and 
from which they drew water in time of war, by means of 
a leaden bell and a leathern pipe fitted to its bottom. 
A'R/E PHILTE'NON, or PhiLvEno'rum, to the louth 
of the Syrtis Major ; but in Peutinger more vvederly, or 
to the fouth almod of the Syrtis Minor. In Strabo’s time, 
the altars were not extant, but a village of the fame name 
llood on the fpot. On a dilpute about limits, between the 
Cyreneans and Carthaginians, it was agreed that two of 
each people Ihould let out on the fame day, and that, where 
they fhould happen to meet, there the limits of both Ihould 
be fixed. The Phikeni, two brothers, Carthaginians, un¬ 
dertook it for Carthage : thefe, after having advanced a 
great many miles into the territory of the Cyreneans, were 
met by their antagonids ; who, enraged at their being be¬ 
forehand with them fo far, gave them the option of either 
returning back, or of being buried alive on the fpot. Like 
zealous patriots, they chole the latter; and there the Car¬ 
thaginians railed two altars in honour of the Philteni. Sal- 
lujl, Vahtius Maximus. 
AR./£ 0 'STYLE, f in architecture, a term ufed by 
Vitruvius, to fignify the greated interval which can be 
made between columns. * 
A'RAF, among the Mahometans. See Alaraf. 
A'RAFAH,_/i The ninth day of the lad month of the 
Arabic year, named D/wulhegiat ; on which the pilgrims of 
Mecca perform their devotions on a neighbouring moun¬ 
tain called Arafat. 
A'RAFAT, or Gibel-ei,-Orphat, the Mountain of 
Knowledge, a mountain in Arabia, near Mecca. The Ma¬ 
hometans fay, this was the place where Adam fird met 
with and knew his wife Eve, after their expullion from 
Paradife; and that here Abraham offered to facrifice Ifli- 
mael, their great progenitor, and founder of their race. 
This mountain is reforted to by all the devotees that come 
annually in pilgrimage to Mecca. The pilgrims are clad 
in robes of humility and mortification, with their heads 
uncovered ; and feem to be very much affeCted, begging 
earnedly for remillion of fins, and promiling to lead a new 
life. They continue here four or five hours, and at half 
an hour after fun-fet decamp to perform a religious duty 
called Afiam nomas. After this, they all receive the ho¬ 
nourable title of hadgees, which is conferred upon them by 
the imam or pried. This being pronounced, the trumpet 
founds, and they all return to Mecca. 
ARAIGNE'E, f. [French.] A term in fortification, 
which fometimes denotes a branch, return, or gallery, of 
a mine. 
A'RAL, or A'rat, a lake in Afia, in the kingdom of 
Khovarazm, lying between 42 and 47 degrees N. lat. and 
between 58 and 62 degrees E. Ion. about 200 miles ead of 
the Cafpian fea. Its.length from north to louth is laid to 
near 300 miles, and its breadth from ead to wed about 150. 
The Ihore on the wed fide is high and rocky, and deflit cite 
of good water: yet there are abundance of wild horfes, 
affes, antelopes, and wolves ; as alio a fierce creature called 
a jolbart, which the Tartars fay is of Inch a prodigious 
drength as to carry od' a horfe. It is furpriling that this 
lake Ihould be quite unknown to geographers till within 
thefe few years. Several great rivers, which were fup- 
pafed to run into the Cafpian fea, are now known to fall 
into this lake, particularly the Sihun or Sirr, and the Gi- 
hun or Amo, fo often mentioned by the oriental hidorians. 
This lake, like the Cafpian fea, has no vifible outlet. Its 
Vol. II. No. 55. 
A R A 29 
water is alfo very fait; and for that reafon is conveyed by- 
the neighbouring inhabitants by fmall narrow canals into 
fandy pits, where the heat of the fun, by exhaling the wa¬ 
ter, leaves them a fufficient quantity of fait. The fame 
kinds of lilh are found in the Aral that are found in the Caf¬ 
pian fea. The former is alfo called the Lake of Eagles. 
AR'AHUM, or Harahum, f. in ancient writers, de¬ 
notes a place confecrated or let apart for holy purpofes. 
Hence the phrafe in aralo jurare, or covjurare, “ to make 
oath in the church ;” becaufe, by the Ripuarian laws, 
all oaths were to be taken in the church, on the relics of 
the faints. 
ARA'LIA,yi in botany, a genus of the pentandria pen- 
tagynia clafs, in the natural order of hederacete. The ge¬ 
neric characters ate—Calyx: involucre very fmall, of a 
globular umbellule ; perianthium five-toothed, very fmall, 
luperior. Corolla: petals five, ovate, acute, feffile/reflex. 
Stamina: filaments five, tubulate, the length of the co¬ 
rolla; antherae roundilh. Pidillum : germ roundith, in¬ 
ferior; dvles very fiiort, permanent; digmas fimple. Pe- 
ricarpium: berry roundith, driated, crowned, five-celled. 
Seeds : folitary, hard, oblong.— EJ/ential CharaBer. Flowers 
in an umbellule with an involucre ; calyx five-toothed, fu- 
perior; corolla five-petalled ; berry five-feeded. 
Species. 1. Aralia fpinofa, or thorny aralia or angelica- 
tree: arborefeent, dem and leaves prickly. This rites 
with a woody dem to the height of eight or ten feet, di¬ 
viding into feveral branches, with branching leaves, com-' 
pofed of many divaricated wings, with oblong leaflets; 
the ribs of the leaves, as alfo the branches and dem, are 
armed with drong crooked fpines, rendering the places 
where the plants grow in plenty very difficult to pats 
through. The flowers are produced in large loofe um¬ 
bels, at the extremities of the branches, and, being of an 
herbaceous colour, make no great figure. The berry is 
three-cornered and three-celled. Native of Virginia, 
whence it was font to England by Banider, and was culti¬ 
vated in 16S8, by bifiiop Compton, at Fulham. Mr. Ray 
alfo mentions, that there was then a tree of this fpecies in 
the botanid garden at Chelfea, which was above the hu¬ 
man dature, and thicker than a man’s arm. It had not 
then flowered here. 
2. Aralia pentaphylla, or five-leaved aralia : arboreous, 
prickly; leaves quinate. Native of Japan, flowering in 
May and June. 
3. Aralia Chinenfis, or Chinefe aralia : fhrubby ; dem 
and petioles prickly ; leaflets unarmed, villofe. It differs 
from the fird in having no prickles upon the ribs of the 
leaves, which are larger and not fmooth. The habit alfo 
is different. It was found in China by Ofbeck; alfo in 
Cochinchina by I.oureiro; it is a native of Malabar, and 
of Amboyna, if Rumphius’s plant be the fame. He fpeaks 
of it as a tree, growing to a large fize in the woods ; 
whereas Loureiro fays, that in Cochinchina it is procum¬ 
bent or fcandent. He deferibes it at length, and remarks 
that it is very troublefome to travellers with its numerous 
crooked prickles, as it climbs in the hedges. 
4. Aralia Japonica, or Japanefe aralia : fiirubby, leaves 
lobate. Stem unarmed, upright, fix feet high. Native of 
japan; flowering in November and December. 
5. Aralia racemofa, or berry-bearing aralia : dem leafy, 
herbaceous, fmooth. This grows three or four feet high, 
and divides into many irregular branches. It flowers in 
July, and the feeds ripen in OGober. Native of Canada, 
where the berries are eaten, and both leaves and roots are 
ufed as fallads and pot-herbs by the Indians and French. 
6. Aralia nudicaulis, or naked-dalked aralia : dem na>- 
ked, leaves in pairs ternate. Stem fo very ffioqt as fcarce- 
ly to be called any. It riles nearly ta the fame height as 
the former. The flower-dalks fpring immediately from 
the root, and are terminated by round umbels of flowers, 
in Ihape and colour like the foregoing, but the berries, 
are fmaller. This flowers towards the end of July, and 
the feeds ripen late in the autumn. The roots were for¬ 
merly brought over and fold for farfaparilla, and fo.me of 
3 die- 
