46 ARC 
difcovering the country bordering upon the White Sea, 
•landed near tlie mouth of the Dwina, in a bay, which he 
denominated the Bay of St. Nicholas, from a convent of 
that name near the prefent port of Archangel. The czar 
Iwan Bahlovvitz, being informed of his arrival, invited 
him to his court, where he was hofpitably entertained, and 
the czar indulged the Engliffi with a free trade in his do¬ 
minions: in confequence of this permiffion, a company of 
merchants was incorporated in London; and beingencou¬ 
raged by particular privileges from the czar, let on foot a 
confiderable commerce, to the mutual advantage of both 
nations- This traffic the Engliffi for fome time enjoyed 
without competition. The Dutch, 'however, and other 
nations, gradually infinuated themfelves into this com¬ 
merce ; which they carried on to a very great difadvantage, 
as not being favoured with thofe privileges which the czar 
had granted to the Engliffi company. Thefe were at lad 
fuddenly annihilated by Alexis Mkhaelovitch; who in 
1648 baniffied the Engliffi merchants from all his domi¬ 
nions. The caufe of this expulfion is generally imputed 
to the refentment which the czar conceived again!! the En¬ 
gliffi for the execution of Charles 1 . But in etfeft he 
aboliffied the company’s privileges the year before that 
event; and his indignation againd the Engliffi for their 
rebellion, Mr. Coxe affirms, was only a political pretext; 
the real motive being derived from the offers made by the 
Dutch to pay duties of export and import, to the amount 
of 15 percent, if they were indulged with the liberty of 
carrying on as free a trade as the Engliffi throughout his 
dominions. For not long afterwards, the czar differed 
William Prideaux, Cromwell’s agent, torefideat Arch¬ 
angel ; and permitted the Engliffi to renew their commerce 
in that port in common with other foreigners. And upon 
this footing alone our merchants ever after continued to 
trade. The commodities chiefly imported into Archangel 
were gold and filver duffs and laces, gold wire, cochineal, 
indigo, and other drugs for dyeing.; wine, brandy, and 
other diddled fpirits. The cudoms ariling to the czar 
were computed at 200,000 rubles a-year, and the number 
of foreign ffiips at 400 annually. But, upon the building 
■of Peterffiurgii, Peter the Great aboliffied the immunities 
of Archangel, and removed the commerce of the White 
Sea to the havens of the Baltic. Still, however, its ex¬ 
ports of tar were confiderable; in 1730, to the amount of 
40,000 lads, of 11 barrels each. In 1752, the czarina Eliza¬ 
beth again redored theancientimmunitiesof Archangel; and 
its prelent trade is not inconfiderable. It fupplies the go¬ 
vernment of Archangel, part of thofe of Niffinei-Novo- 
&0 rod and Cafan with European commodities; and draws 
tn exchange from thofe pares corn, flax, hemp, coarfe li¬ 
nen, cordage, fails, mads, and tallow, which are modly 
conveyed by the Dwina : it forms alfo a principal com¬ 
munication with the northern and vveftern parts of Siberia, 
from whence the merchants procure furs, fkins, and iron. 
The houfes of Archangel are generally of wood, but 
well contrived; and every chamber is provided with a 
fiove, as a fence againd the cold, which is here exceflive 
in the winter. The dreets are paved with broken pieces 
of timber and rubbiffi, difpofed fo unlkilfully that one 
cannot walk over it without running the rifk of falling, 
except when the ftreets are rendered fmooth and equal by 
the fnow that falls and freezes in the winter. The mod 
remarkable edifice is a large town-honfe, built of fquare 
fiones in the Italian manner, and divided into three parts. 
•One of thefe confids of apartments for the accommodation 
•©f merchants, drangers as well as natives: here they are 
permitted to refide with their merchandife till the month 
of October, when all the foreign ffiips fet fail for the re- 
fpefiive countries to which they belong. Then the traders 
.ate obliged to remove their quarters from the town-houfe 
•or palace, which .hath a fpacious court that reaches down 
'to the river. 
Archangel,/, in bertany, 'fee Lamium ; for Baum- 
leaved, Me lit is; and, for Yellow, Galcopsjs., 
ARC 
Archangel-go'rod, one of the governments of Ruf« 
fia, comprehending Samoides, Laplanders, &c. 
ARCHANGE'LIC, adj. Belonging to archangels: 
He ceas’d, and th’ arckangdic power prepar’d 
For fwift defeent; with him the cohort bright 
Of watchful cherubim. Milton. 
ARCHANGE'LICA,/ in botany. See Angelica. 
ARCHBEA'CON,/ i[from arch and beacon.] The chief 
place of profpeft or of fignal—You (hall win the top of 
the Corniffi archbeacon Hainborough, which may for prof- 
pefi compare with Rama in Paleftina. Carcw. 
ARCHBI'SHOP,/ [ertz bifchqff, Teut. arckevcque, Fr. 
archiepifeopus , Lat. of Gr. oi ap-yuv, chief, 
and E7n£rxo7rsw, biffiop, of ewio-xotto?, to take care of. ] A 
biffiop of the fird clafs, who fuperintends the conduct of 
other biffiops his fuffragans. 
Archbiffiops were not known in the ead till about the 
ear 320; and, though there were fome foon after this who 
ad the title, yet that was onlya perfonal honour, by which 
the bifhops of confiderable cities were diftinguidied. It 
was not till of late that archbiffiops became metropolitans, 
and had fuffragans under them. Athanafius appears to be 
the fird who ufed the title archbiffiop, which he gave oc- 
cafionally to his predeceffor; Gregory Nazianzen, in like 
manner, gave it to Athanafius; not that either of them 
were intitled to any jurifdiciion, or even any precedence 
in virtue of it. Among the Latins, Ifidore Hifpalenfis is 
the "fird that fpeaks of archbiffiops. He didinguiffies four 
orders or degrees in the ecclefiadical hierarchy, viz. patri¬ 
archs, archbiffiops, metropolitans, and biffiops. 
An archbiffiop is the chief biffiop of the province, whs 
next and immediately under the king hath fupreme power, 
authority, and jurifdiftion, in all caufes and things eccle- 
fradical; and has the infpection of all the biffiops of that 
province. He hath alfo his own diocefe, where he exer- 
cifes epifcopal jurifdidtion, as in his province he exercifes 
archiepifcopal. As archbiffiop, upon the receipt of the 
king’s writ, he calls the biffiops and clergy of his province 
to meet in convocation: but without the king’s writ he 
cannot affemble them. To him all appeals are made from 
inferior jurifdiftions within his province. During the va¬ 
cancy of any fee in his province, he is guardian of the fpi- 
ritualties thereof; as the king is of the temporalties; 
and he executes all ecclefiadical jurifdifiion therein. If 
the archiepifcopal fee be vacant, the dean and chapter are 
the fpiritual guardians. The archbiffiop is entitled to pre¬ 
fent by lapfe to all the ecclefiadical livings in the difpolal 
of his diocefan biffiops, if not filled within fix months. 
And he has a eudomary prerogative, when a biffiop is con- 
fecrated by him, to have the next prefentation to fuck 
dignity or benefice in the blffiop’s difpofal, as the archbi- 
ftop ffiall chufe; which is therefore called his option. 
If we confider Canterbury as the feat of the metropo¬ 
litan, it hath under it twenty-one biffiops ; but, if we con¬ 
fider it as the feat of a diocefan, it comprehends only fome 
part of Kent '(the refidue being in the diocefe of Rochef- 
ter), together with fome other pariffies difperfedly fituate 
in feveral diocefes; it being an ancient privilege of this 
fee, that the places where tire archbiffiop hath any manors 
or advowfons, are thereby exempted from the ordinary, 
and are become peculiars of the diocefe of Canterbury, 
properly belonging to the jurifdidtion of the archbiffiop of 
Canterbury. Godolph. Repert. 14. 
The archbilhop of Canterbury has the privilege by cuf- 
tom to crown the kings and queens of this kingdom. And 
bydatuteof 25 Hen.VIil. c. 21. he hath power of grant¬ 
ing difpenfations, where the pope ufed formerly to grant 
them; which is the foundation of his granting fpecial li¬ 
cences to marry at any place .or time, to hold two livings, 
.and the like. 1 Blackjl. 381.. Further, the archbiffiop of 
Canterbury is ft.yled primate and metropolitan of all Eng¬ 
land, albeit there is another archiepifcopal province within 
this realm 5 partly becaufe of his ancient legatine power. 
