ARC 
the late king of France, and of another at Florence, as 
collared with the Bali) edition above mentioned. There 
are alfo extant other editions of certain parts of tire works 
of Archimedes. Thus, Commandine publifhed, in 4to, 
at Bologna 1565, the two books concerning Bodies that 
Float upon Fluids, with a Commentary. Commandine 
publifhed all'o a tranflation of the Arenarius. And Bo- 
relli publilhed, in folio, at Florence, 1661, Archimedes’s 
Liber Aflumptorum, tranflated into Latin from an Arabic 
manufcript copy. Tliis is accompanied with the like tranf¬ 
lation, from the Arabic, of the 5th, 6th, and 7th, books 
of Apollonius’s Conics. Mr. G. Anderlon publilhed (in 
8vo. Lond. 1784) an Englifh tranflation of the Arenarius 
of Archimedes, with learned and ingenious notes and il- 
lullrations. Dr. Wallis alfo publilhed a tranflation of the 
Arenarius. 
ARCHIPE'LAGO,/. [of chief, and TreXocyoi;, 
the fea.] A part of the lea containing a number of fmall 
iflands in the Hellefpont, and confequently feveral little 
leas that take name from thofe illands. 
Archipelago (Grecian), a very confiderable part of 
the Mediterranean Sea, having Romania on the north ; 
Natolia on the eaft ; Macedonia, Livadia, and the Morea, 
on the weft ; and the ille of Candia on the fouth. It is 
partly in Europe, and partly in Afia, containing the illands 
of Rhodes, Negropont, Lemnos, Tenedos, Sciros, Mete- 
len, Scio, Samos, Patmos, Paros, Antiparos, Cerigo, San- 
torin, Andros, Tina, Naxia, Milo, Delos, Argentiera, &c. 
for particulars of each of which fee under their relpeCI- 
ive heads. 
Archipelago (Northern), fo called to diftingtiifli it 
from the above, confifts of feveral groups of illands, ly¬ 
ing between the eaftern coafts of Kamtfchatka, and the 
weftern coaft of the continent of America, and was firft 
difcovered by the Ruffians under the czar Peter I. Mr. 
Muller divides tliefe illands into four principal groups, 
the two firft of which are ftyled the Aleutian illands. The 
firft .group comprehends Beering’s Ifland, Copper Ifland, 
Otma, Samyra of Shemiyah, and Anakta. The fecond 
group comprifes Immak, Kilka, Tchetchia, Ava, Kavia, 
Tfchangulak, Ulagama, and Amtchidga. The third ge¬ 
neral name is Negho, and comprehends the illands known 
to the Ruffians under the name of Andreanofflki Oftrova ; 
fixteen of which are the following: Amatkinak, Ulak, 
Unalga, Navotlha, Uliga, Anagin, Kagulak, Ulalk or II- 
lak, Takavanga (upon which is a volcano), Kanaga (which 
has alfo a volcano), Leg, Sketlhuna, Tagaloon, Goreloi, 
Otclui, and Amla. The fourth group is called Kavalang, 
and comprehends fixteen iflands ; which are called by the 
Ruflians Lyffie Oftrova, or the Fox I/lands, and which are 
named, Amuchta, Tfchigama, Tfchegula, Uniftra, Ulaga, 
Tauagulana,Kagamin, Kigalga, Skelmaga, Umnak, Agun- 
Alalhka, Unimga, Uligan, Anturo-Leiflume, Semidit, and 
Senagak. 
Some of thefe iflands are only inhabited occaflonally, 
and for fome months in the year, and others are very thinly 
peopled ; but others have a great number of inhabitants, 
who conftantly refide in them. Copper Ifland receives its 
name from the copper which the fea throws upon its coafts. 
The inhabitants of thefe iflands are, in general, of a Ihort 
flature, with ftrong and robuft limbs, but free and fupple. 
They have lank black hair, and little beard, flattiffi faces, 
and fair Ikins. They are for the molt part well made, and 
of ftrong conliitutions, fuitable to the boifterous climate 
of their illes. The inhabitants of the Aleutian illes live 
upon roots which grow wild, and fea-animals. The rivers 
abound with all kinds of falmon, and the fea with turbot. 
Their clothes are made of the (kins of birds and lea-otters. 
The Fox Illands are fo called from the great number of 
black, grey, and red, foxes, with which they abound. The 
drefs of the inhabitants confifts of a cap and 'a fur coat, 
which reaches down to the knee. Some of them wear 
common caps of a party-coloured bird-lkin, upon which 
they leave part of the wings and tail. On the forepart of 
their hunting and hiking caps, they place a fmall board 
ARC 63 
like a fkreen, adorned with the jaw-bones of fca-beurs, 
and ornamented with glafs-beads, which they receive in 
barter from the Ruffians. But at their fellivals and 
dancing-parties they ule a much more fhowy fort of caps. 
They feed upon the flefli of all forts of fed-animals, and 
generally eat it raw. But, if at any time they choofe to 
drefs their victuals, they make ule of a hollow ftoile ; ha¬ 
ving placed the fllli or flelh therein, they cover it with 
another, and clofe the interftices with lime or clay. They 
then lay it horizontally upon two Hones, and light a fire 
under it. The provilions, intended for keeping, are dried 
without fait in the open air. Their weapons coniift of 
bows, arrows, and darts, and for defence they ule wooden 
fhields. The 1110ft perfect equality reigns among thefe 
iflanders: they have neither chiefs nor fuperiors, neither 
laws nor punilhments. They live together in families, 
and focieties of feveral families united, which form what 
they call a race, who, in cafe of attack, or defence, mu¬ 
tually help and fupport each other. The inhabitants of 
the fame ifland always pretend to be of the fame race; 
and every perfon looks upon this ifland as a poffeflion, the 
property of-which is common to all the individuals of the 
lame fociety. Feafts are very common among them, and 
more particularly when the inhabitants of one ifland are 
vilited by thofe of the others. The men of the village 
meet their guefts beating drums, and preceded by the wo¬ 
men, who fingand dance. At the conclulion of the dance, 
the hofts ferve up their belt provilions, and invite their 
guefts to partake of the fend. They feed their children 
when very young with the coarfeft flelh, and for the molt 
part raw. If an infant cries, the mother immediately car¬ 
ries it to the fea-lide, and, whether it be fummer or win¬ 
ter, holds it naked in the water until it is quiet. This- 
cuftom is fo far from doing the children any harm, that it 
hardens them again!! the cold, and they accordingly go 
barefooted through the winter without the lead inconve¬ 
nience. They feldom heat their dwellings; but, when 
they are defirous of warming themfelves, they light a bun¬ 
dle of hay, and Hand over it; or elfe they let fire to train- 
oil, which they pour into a hollow ftone. They have a 
good fliare of plain natural fenfe, but are rather flow of 
underftanding. They feem cold and indifferent in molt of 
their actions ; but let an injury, or even a fufpicion only, 
roul’e them from this phlegmatic (late, and they become 
inflexible and. furious, taking the molt violent revenge, 
without regard to confequences. The lead affliction 
prompts them to filicide, the apprehenlion of even an un¬ 
certain evil often leads them to defpair, and they put an 
end to their days with great apparent infenfibility. 
ARCHIPHERA'CITAi,y. miniders in the Jewifli fv- 
nagogues appointed to read and interpret the Perakim, "or 
titles and heads of the law and the prophets. 
ARCHIS 1 R A' I EGUS, f. [aur/©', of 
a chief, and syuv, of the leaders of the army.] The 
generaliflimo, or captain-general, of an army. 
A RCHIS YN AGO'GUS, /. the chief of the fynagogue ; 
the title of an officer among the-Jews, who prellded in their 
fynagogues and aflemblies. The number of thefe officers 
was not fixed, nor the fame in all places; there being fe- 
venty in fome, and in others only one. They are Tome- 
times called princes of the fynagogue, and had a power of 
excommunicating fitch as deferved that punilhment. 
AR'CHITECT,yi [ arckiteEle , Fr. archite.L ius, Lat. or 
a^p/irsxT®-, Gr. of «§%<>$, the principal, and rstHav, artifi¬ 
cer.] A profelTor of the art of building.—The arckite£Vs 
glory confids in the delignment and idea of the work ; his 
ambition Ihould be to make the form triumph over the 
matter. Wot ton. —A contriver of a building ; a builder : 
The Iiady multitude 
Admiring enter’d, and the work fome praife, 
And fome the archittB; his hand was known 
In heav’n, by many a tower’d drutdure high, 
Where feepter’d angels held their reddence, 
And fat as princes. 
Milton. 
The 
