6 ? A R C H I T 
t ifes: there is no regular example of this among the rem¬ 
nants of antiquity. Piranifi has given a drawing of a Tuf- 
can bale found at Rome, but of what date is uncertain. 
Vitruvius, in an indidinbt manner, has mentioned the ge¬ 
neral proportions, but through iris whole book does not 
refer to one drufture of this order. The Trajan and An- 
tonine columns at Rome are reckoned of the Tufcan order, 
though they have eight diameters for their height; the 
torus and capitals are certainly more ornamented than is 
confident with Tufcan plainnefs. The fluting to the necks 
all'o are after the molt ancient Doric examples. It is fome- 
what lingular there fiiould be no remains of this order; 
and, were it not for what little Vitruvius lias written of it, 
it certainly might have been loll to-the moderns. The 
plainnefs of its appearance,, no doubt, caiifed it to be 
negle&ed at Rome ; but in no other place has been difco- 
vered any truly ancient example. Of the Doric there are 
unqued'ionably many remains of a very ancient date ; which 
leads'to a probable fuppofition that the Tufcan is no other 
than the Doric moi'e Amplified, or deprived of its orna¬ 
ments to fuit certain purpofes, where llrength and cheap- 
nefs were wanted ; neverfhelefs it is applied with propriety 
and effect, to the entrance of cities, large gateways, and 
in military architeihire, where dignity and malfive ftrength 
are required. The profile of this order is fele£ted from 
Palladio, lie having feen fome remains in Italy, which 
might lead him to more jud.idcus of the llyle the ancients 
pradlifed. It certainly derived its name, though notits 
origin, from the people of Tufcany, who were fond of in¬ 
troducing it into every large and (lately edifice. 
Sir William Chambers gives the Tufcan order the fol¬ 
lowing proportions : “ The height of the column is four¬ 
teen modules, or (even diameters ; that of the whole en¬ 
tablature three modules and a half, which being divided 
into ten equal parts, three are for the height of the archi¬ 
trave, three for the fnze, and the remaining four for the 
cornice : the capital is in height one module ; the bale, 
including the lower cindture (which is peculiar to the 
irieafurement of this order) of the (baft, is alfo one mo¬ 
dule ; and the'thaft, with its upper cincture and aflragal, 
is twelve modules; in interior decorations, the height of 
the column may be fourteen modules and a half, or even 
fifteen modules; which increafe may be in the column 
only.” It is cuftomary in executing this order to diminilh 
it one quarter, perhaps without lufficient reafon ; as its 
character of extraordinary ftrength'would be better pre- 
ferved by the ufual diminution of one-eighth or one-lixtli. 
DORIC ORDER. 
Of this there are many examples dill remaining; fome 
ef very high antiquity, and of proportions fo diffirnilar to 
the praddice of later times, that one cannot help concluding 
they were produced before experience had matured the 
rules of art. In feveral buildings exhibited in the ruins 
ot Pasfhim, Ionia, and Athens, the height of the columns 
does not exceed four diameters, or at mod four and a half: 
the low appearance of thefe in large buildings, mud furely 
convince us ufefulnefs was regarded more than elegance of 
defign. Indeed the hidory of the Doric order may he divi¬ 
ded into three epocha. Fird, when the columns did not 
exceed four diameters in height, as to the temple called 
Thoricion , ten leagues from Athens; here the columns 
have four diameters, and are not fluted, except four and 
a half inches under the capital, with regular Doric fluting; 
the red is fmooth. Alfo to a temple at Corinth, where 
the columns are only three and a half diameters, and are 
fluted. To which may be added thole remaining at 
Pcedum, in Italy; whereto one temple the columns are 
four diameters high, to another about one-third lei’s, and 
to the other about one-third more. The fecond era may 
be pre fumed, when the columns had not fix diameters in 
height ; as to the Propylea, or grand entrance into the 
citadel of Athens, to the temples of Minerva and Thefeus 
at the fame place, which were built in the flouribiing time 
of Pericles, whole columns are only live and a quarter dia- 
E C T U R E. 
meters high. Alfo the more ancient temple of Apollo, 
at Delos, where the columns have dve diameters, and are 
fmooth or plain ; having twenty channels or fiutings three 
inches long in the neck, or top of the column, and as many 
at the foot, two inches long. The third point of time is 
when fix or more diameters were allowed, as to the tem¬ 
ple of Augudus at Athens; or as Stuart, on good evi¬ 
dence, calls it, the entrance to a market , where fix diameters 
are tiled. Thefe are all Without bates: in this divifiort 
mud be included the temple of Hercules, at Cora, where 
the columns have eight and three quarters diameter, and 
are on bafes. Vitruvius allows this to be the mod ancient 
order, and gives the following account of its origin : 
“ Dorns, the fon of Helenis and the nymph Optyce, built 
a temple in the. ancient city of Argos, to the goddefs Jun-o, 
which happened to be of this order, but which then had 
no regular proportions ; it derived its name from the pa¬ 
tron of the building. This example, or order, was fol¬ 
lowed by all tlie cities of Achaia. Ion, the fon of Xuthus, 
afterwards built a temple in Alia, to Apollo Panionius, of 
this order; and, to’ren'der it more agreeable to the eye, he 
gave fix diameters to the column, being guided therein by 
the example of natufe, which has given to the height of 
man fix times the length of his foot.” 
Modern practice allows eight diameters, and a bafe, 
which was never given to the Doric order by the ancients: 
this is another mark of its antiquity; for certainly the bafe 
is no lefs proper than elegant. Concerning the fiutings, 
whether they were at fird pradlifed or not, is impodible 
to determine : the remains of this order of the olded date 
have flutings. It appears probable, that, when any thing 
like ornament was vvifhed to be added, the fluting of co¬ 
lumns early prefented itfelf. The original columns having 
been trees, it was the natural effedt of a hot climate on 
their bark to make it crack or divide, which might readily 
give the hint of flutings. There are examples among the 
antiques of the column being fquared off, or wrought with 
pans, as they are called, indead of hollows. Of this kind 
is the temple of Minerva at Syracufe, of very ancient Do¬ 
ric : the pillars are cut in pans or angles, and are without 
bafes. The temple of Diana at the fame place is. alio in 
the fame dyle of Doric. To the temple of Hercules at 
Cora, tlie columns have the lower third part with pans, 
and the upper part of tlie (haft with the regular Doric 
fluting, which is a lingular indance of mixture of dyle in 
antique columns. Thefe columns have eight and three- 
quarters diameters for their height, and dand upon bafes 
of a very ungraceful form. 
The triglypk, a charadteridic mark of this order, has 
more the appearance of art; the ends of projecting rafters 
will produce this eft'edt, or near enough, to be improved 
into what we at prefent fee them ; tlie places affigned them 
alfo corroborate this idea. Vitruvius fays, that in build¬ 
ing, they laid the joids from tlie interior wall to tlie ex¬ 
terior parts, and as much of ike joid as appeared unhand- 
fome was fawed off, which, not having a pleafing efFedt, 
they made tablets like the triglyphs now in ufe, fixed them 
againd the fawed ends, and painted them in wax, See. 
Thus the triglyphs, interjoids, and metope, in Doric work, 
had their origin from the difpolition of tlie timbers in tlie 
roof; afterwards, in other works, fome made the rafters 
that were perpendicularly over the triglyphs to project 
out, and carved their projedlure ; hence, as the triglyphs 
arofe from the difpolitions of the joills, fo the mutules 
under the corona were derived from the projedlure of the. 
rafters; wherefore, in done or marble drudtures, the mu¬ 
tules were reprefented declining, in imitation of the raf¬ 
ters; and alfo, on account of the droppings from the eaves, 
it is proper they diould have fuch declination. This alfo 
explains the ornament and lituation of the guttae, or drops. 
The ornaments on the metope, or the fpacc between the 
triglyphs, may have been originally trophies of the De:ty, 
or implements of (acrince placed there ; the bull’s Ikull 
is peculiar to tlie Doric order. M. Winkelman has taken 
fome pains to prove, from a paflage in Euripides, that tlie 
metopes 
