A R C H I T 
metopes or fpaccs between the triglyphs were open in the 
moft ancient temples. How this may have been, cannot 
now be determined ; thole ftruftures which remain have 
the fpace filled with mafonry. 
The profile we have given is taken from the theatre of 
Marcellus, which has ever been conlidered as a juft pro¬ 
portion for this mafculine order : the meafurements are 
according to M. Defgodetz. The denteles in the cornice 
belong not lo properly to this order as to the Ionic : we 
have taken the liberty to alter the Hope of the corona, 
which in the original is declining, and is thought in mo¬ 
dern times to have a heavy effect : it was executed there, 
perhaps, on the rules before Hated ; or more probably 
for fome optical real’on, as it had a confiderable elevation. 
The column has eight diameters, which is now the 1 gene¬ 
ral practice, is without a bale; but the attic bale, or its 
peculiar one, may be ufed. 
The modern proportions, from the before-cited author, 
are as follow : The height of tire column, including its 
capital and bafe, is fixteen modules; the height of the en¬ 
tablature, four modules ; which being divided into eight 
parts, two are for the architrave, three for the frize, and 
three for the cornice : the bafe is one module in height ; 
the capital thirty-two minutes, or a little more. 
IONIC ORDER. 
The origin of this order is accounted for by Vitruvius, 
in the following manner:—“ Ion, (the fame as before- 
mentioned,) building a temple to Diana, and feeking fome 
new manner to render it more elegant, had recourfe, as 
before in the Doric order, to the human figure; and gave 
to this new order a feminine delicacy : thus he was the 
firft who gave eight diameters to a column, that the afpeCt 
might be more pleafing; and, that its appearance might 
be more lofty, he added a bafe, in imitation of a fiioe : the 
volutes, like locks or plaits of hair, hanging on each fide, 
he gave to the capital, ornamented with fruits, or flowers 
in fefloons, and furrows, or flutings down the column 
were wrought, refembling the folds or plaits of a matron’s 
garment. Thus he invented two kinds of columns, in 
the Doric imitating a manly rob lift appearance, without 
ornament ; in the Ionic, regarding a female delicacy, ac¬ 
companied with ornaments pleafing and elegant. Succeed¬ 
ing architects, much approving the tafie and ingenuity of 
this defign, allowed eight diameters and a half to this Gr- 
der.” Vitruvius records an anecdote much in praife of 
the Ionic order, in the following words: “ The difficulty 
attending the proper adjuftment of the intitules, metopes, 
and triglyphs, in Doric ftruflures, was fuch, as frequently 
to be a caufe of much inconvenience and trouble to archi¬ 
tects in large buildings, and alfo rendered their afpeCt con¬ 
futed and embarraffing; on which account, and the many 
appearance of the Doric column, it was thought improper 
for facred buildings : of this opinion were Tarchenius and 
Pytheus, with many ancient architects ; alfo the celebra¬ 
ted Kennogenes, who, when he was building the. temple 
of Bacchus at 'I'eos, rejected the Doric, though all the 
marblesWere ready cut, and in its Head, erelted a temple 
ot the Ionic order.” From the remains of this very cele¬ 
brated building, the plate of this order is here given, as 
reflored in that elegant work the Ionian Antiquities. Den¬ 
teles properly belong'to the Ionic cornice ; they reprefent 
the ajjers , or lmall.er rafters, which Support the tiles. 
The Modern Ionic has the volute of the capital 
executed on an angular plan, the fame as in the Compofite 
order; fo that, viewed every way, it has the fame appear¬ 
ance : this differs from the general mode of the antiques, 
which was to have the volutes parallel. And to Michael 
Angelo this was attributed as a new invention ; but ex¬ 
amples are found in tire capitals of the angle columns in 
the temple of Eriftheus at Athens, .and in the temple of 
Fortuna Viriiis at Rome. Pi rani fi has endeavoured to 
prove tlte firfi idea of the Ionic volute to have been de¬ 
rived from (hells ; and certainly many pleafing forms of 
convolution may be obtained from the fe&ion of lhclls. 
Vol. II. No. 58. 
E C T U R E. 6 ( j 
The modern Ionic reprefented on the plate is according to 
Scamozzi, which is of good fymmetry and form, erring 
only in being too much enriched. 
The (landard of the modern proportions is as follows : 
The height of the column is eighteen modules, and that 
of the entablature four modules and a half, or one quarter 
the height of the column, as in the other orders, which is 
a trifle lefs than in the regular antique Ionics : the capi¬ 
tal is twenty-one minutes, and the bafe thirty minutes in 
height ; the (haft of the column may be plain, or fluted, 
with twenty or twe»ty-four flutings, whole plan may be 
a trifle more than a femicircle, becaufe they then appear 
more diftinft; and the fillet or interval between them muff 
not be broader than one-third of the breadth of the flut¬ 
ing, nor narrower than one quarter thereof; the ornaments 
of the capital are to correfpond with the flutings of the 
(haft; and there mull be an ove above ths middle of each 
fluting. The entablature being divided into ten equal 
parts, three are for the architrave, three for the frize, and 
four for tlte cornice. In interior decorations, where much 
delicacy is required, the height of the entablature may be 
reduced to one-fifth of the height of the column. 
CORINTHIAN O R D E R. 
This differs from the Ionic only in its capital; the Ionic 
capital having no more than one-third of the diameter of 
the column for its height; but the Corinthian capital is 
allowed one entire diameter, which gives to the column a 
noble but delicate grandeur. The other members placed 
on the Corinthian pillar, are common to the Doric and 
Ionic orders; for it has no particular fpecies of ornament 
peculiar to its cornice: (ometimes it has the Doric inti¬ 
tules and triglyphs in the architrave ; foinetimes an Ionic 
frize, with denteles in the cornice ; in a manner, it is no 
more than a third order, rifen out of the former two, 
which has nothing peculiar to itfelf but the capital. Its 
origin Vitruvius records as follows : “ A marriageable 
young lady of Corinth fell ill, and died ; after the inter¬ 
ment, her nurfe collected together fundry ornaments with 
which (he tiled to be pieafed, and, putting them into a 
balket, placed it near her tomb; and, left they (hould be 
injured by the weather, (he covered the bafket with a tile. 
It happened the balket was placed on a root of acanthus, 
which in fpring (hot forth its leaves ; thefe, running up tlte 
fide of the bafket, naturally formed a kind of voiute, in 
the turn given by tlte tile to the leaves. Happily Calli¬ 
machus, a mod ingenious fculptor, palling that way, was 
ftruck with the beauty, elegance, and novelty, of the balket 
furrounded by the acanthus leaves; and, according to this 
idea or example, he afterwards made columns for the Co- 
•rinthians, ordaining the proportions fuch as conftitute the 
Corinthian order.” Vitruvius, in the foregoing account, 
forgot the peculiarities of the Corinthian cornice, or the 
entablature to tiiat order was not then p radii fed in the 
manner we find remaining among ancient buildings; for 
to this cornice the modillion is ever an attendant. But 
exactly, according to this description of Vitruvius, is the 
cornice of the portico at Athens, called Poi/iilie, as repre- 
(ented by the indefatigable Stuart, in his valuable Anti¬ 
quities of that ancient city. 
The beauty and elegance of this order have rendered it 
famous, and the many examples exifting among the frag¬ 
ments of antiquity futficiently evince the great eftee-m with 
which it was regarded. The ravages of cruel and defo- 
lating war, however, have not left us one remain of this 
order from among the many celebrated examples which 
the city of Corinth poffeffed, where arts of every kind, and 
particularly architecture, eminently flourifhed and were 
carried to perfection. In later times, tlie conduit of Lu¬ 
cius Mummius, in tlve deftrudtion of that polilhed people 
and city, would have juftly been coufidered as the grafted 
barbarifm : the temples, the facred buildings., were de- 
(troyed, and levelled with, the ground ; fo that at one ftroke 
the works of ages were defolatcd, the labours and inge¬ 
nuity of thoufands were deftroyed, and pofterity deprived 
T of 
