A R C H I T 
and other parts that are in themfelves beautiful. When 
mouldings of the fame form and (ize are employed in one 
profile, they fliould be enriched with the fame kind of or¬ 
naments. It mud be obferved, that all the ornaments of 
mouldings are to be regularly difpofed, and anfwering per¬ 
pendicularly above each other ; the middles of the modil- 
lions, dcnteles, oves, and other ornaments, all in a line ; 
for nothing is more confuted and unfeemly, than to didri- 
bute them without any kind of order. The larger parts 
are to regulate the fmaller; all the ornaments in the entabla¬ 
ture are to be governed by the modillions or intitules; and 
thefe are to be dependent upon the intervals of the columns, 
and fo difpofed, that one of them may correfpond with the 
axis of each column. It is farther to be obferved, that 
the ornaments mud partake of the character of the order 
which they enrich ; and tliofe ufed in the Doric and Ionic 
orders mud be of a fimpler kind, and grolfer make, than 
thofe employed in the Compofite and Corinthian. In the 
exterior, whatever does not contribute to the general effect 
of the whole building, is in a great meafure ufelefs, and 
an expence that might more judicioufly be employed in 
places where it could be more attended to. The parts 
that are in themfelves large, and fo formed and difpofed 
as to receive broad mafles and drong impredions of light 
and fhade, will of courfe excite great ideas; but, if they 
are broken into a number of fmatl divifions, and their fur- 
face fo varied as to catch a thoufand impredions of light, 
demi-tint, and darknefs, the whole will be confufed, tri¬ 
fling, and incapable of caufing any great emotions. 
The appearance of columns is often varied by adding 
rudicated cTctures at equal (or other) didances to a co¬ 
column : this is a modern invention, which gives a very 
unnatural appearance, and difguifes the noble dgure of the 
column. Ruftic work is with greater propriety, and bet¬ 
ter effect, introduced into large entrances, parks, and gar¬ 
dens ; alio into grottos, baths, or fountains, where an ir¬ 
regular and rough appearance better fuits the place and 
purpofe. Le Clerc fays, thefe kind of rudic ornaments are 
never to be imitated, excepting in the gates of citadels or 
prifons, in order to render their entrances more rugged 
and frightful. 
The flutings of columns are fometimes wrought round, 
or fpirally on the column ; there is an ancient example of 
this, in a fmall temple below Trevi in Italy, the plan and 
elevation of which are given by Palladio, where, of four 
columns in front, two have their Hutings fpirally, and the 
two centre ones are wrought wfith leaves on the fhaft. 
The rule for the diminution of columns has ever varied : 
the ancients frequently diminilhed the column from the 
very foot, or from one-quarter or one-third of its height: 
the latter method is now generally praCtifed ; the diminu¬ 
tion fhould be feldom lefs than one-eighth part of the lower 
diameter of the fhaft, nor more than one-fixth : this latter 
is the more graceful: feme, by way of giving a better con¬ 
tour or appearance, allow a fmall fvvell, or bellying, in the 
lower part of tire middle divifion of the pillar. 
(t will here be proper to give the general rules to be ob¬ 
ferved in pedejeals, where it is neceffary to introduce them. 
They condd of three principal parts ; tlie bafe, the dye, 
and the cornice. A determinate rule, however, cannot be 
given, as they mud be made to vary in height according to 
the circumdances which render them ufeful; they have 
ever been conddered as mere auxiliaries, to give height, 
and elevate the column above furrounding objects which 
impede its view. When they are ufed by choice, it is com¬ 
mon to give them one-third, or one-quarter, part of the 
height of the column and entablature, which is thus di¬ 
vided : of nine equal parts, two are for the bafe, one for 
the cornice, the remaining fix for the dye, of the pededal, 
which is equal in fize to the plinth of the column ; the 
enrichments fhould be regulated by thofe of the entabla¬ 
ture, See. whereby they are made fubfervient to each dif- 
tinCt order. When columns are in couples, if pededals 
are ufed, they fhould have but one ; allb in a colonade or 
peridyle there diould be but one pedeltal continued, hav- 
E C T U R E. yi 
ing breaks or projections in the cornice, Set. fo that each 
column may feem to have its particular pededal. 
Each column has its particular baje. The Tufcan bafe 
is the mod limple, having only a torus and plinth. The 
Doric bafe has an adragal more than the Tufcan. To the 
Ionic bafe the torus is larger on a double fcotia, with two 
adragals between. J iic Corinthian bafe has two torufes, 
two fcotias, and two adragals. The Compofite bale has 
one adragal lefs than the Corinthian. The Attic bafe con- 
lids of two torufes and a Icotia, and is applicable to every 
order except the Tufcan, which has its particular bafe. 
Thefe, with the pedeltal and mouldings of the ancients, 
are all exemplified in the annexed Plate. 
Pilajlers differ from columns only in their plan; which 
is a fquare, as that of columns is round. Their bafes, ca¬ 
pitals, and entablatures, have the fame parts, with the 
fame heights and projections, as thofe of columns: they 
are alfo didinguifhed in the fame manner, by the names of 
Tufcan, Doric, Ionic, Corinthian, and Compofite. The 
column is undoubtedly more perfect than the pilader; 
however, they may be employed with great propriety on 
many occafions. Some authors declaim againlt piladers, 
becaufe, according to them, they do not admit of dimi¬ 
nution. But this is a midake ; there are many indances, 
in the remains of antiquity, of their being diminil’hed. 
Scamozzi always gave his piladers the fame diminution as 
his columns : Palladio and Inigo Jones have likewife dimi- 
nifhed them in many of their buildings. Piladers are 
employed in churches, galleries, halls, and other interior 
decorations, to fave room ; for, as they feWom projeCt be¬ 
yond the folid wall above one-quarter of their diameter, 
they do not occupy near fo much fpace as columns. They 
are likewife ufed in exterior decorations ; fometimes alone, 
indead of columns, on account of their being lefs expen- 
five; and fometimes they accompany columns, being pla¬ 
ced behind them to fupport the architraves, where they 
enter the building, as in the Pantheon at Rome ; or, in 
the fame line with them, to fortify the angles, as in the 
portico of Septimius. When piladers are ufed alone, they 
diould projeCt one-quarter of their diameter beyond the 
walls. When placed behind columns, efpecially if they 
be very near them, they need not projeCt above one-eighth 
of their diameter. But, when placed on a line with co¬ 
lumns, their projection mud be regulated by that of the 
columns ; and confequently, it can never be lefs than a fe- 
midiameter, even when the columns are engaged as much 
as podible. The fliafts of piladers are frequently adorned 
with flutings, in the fame manner as thofe of columns; 
the plan of which may be a trifie more than a femicircle : 
their number mud be feven on each face, which makes 
them nearly of the fame fize with thofe of columns. The 
intervals, or fillets, mud either be one-third or one-fourth 
of the during in breadth. The capitals of piladers are 
profiled nearly in the fame manner as thofe of columns. 
Attics had their origin in Athens, where it was for many 
ages a rule in building to conceal the roof. For this pur¬ 
pofe, nothing ferVed fo well as a kind of low or little or¬ 
der ranged in a continued line, fmgly, or with the inter¬ 
ruption of baloders; which, riling above the red of the 
work and before the roof, hid it perfectly, and placed 
fomething agreeable in view. The place of Attics, there¬ 
fore, is at the uppermoft extremity of a building, to which 
they ferve as a crown, or very properly make a fttfilhing 
for the other orders when they have been ufed in the druc- 
ture. They mud never fraud’ under any thing except Inch 
ornaments as are placed at the very top. Thefe Attics 
diould never exceed in height one-third of the height of 
the order on which they are placed, nor be lefs than one- 
quarter of it. The bafe, dye, and cornice, of which they 
are compofed, may bear the lame proportions to each other 
as thofe of pededals do; and the bafe and cornice may be 
compofed of the fame mouldings as thofe pededals. Some¬ 
times the Attic is continued throughout; at others, it 
projeCJs, and forms a pilader over each column of the or¬ 
der. The breadth of this pilader is feldom made narrower 
