ARCHITECTURE. 
7 Z 
than the upper diameter of the column below it, and ne¬ 
ver broader. Its projection may be equal to one-quarter 
of its breadth. 
Betides columns and pilafiers, it is fometimes cuftomary 
to employ reprefentations of the human figure, to fupporc 
entabhitures in buildings. The male figures are called 
Perfians ; and, the female, Carians , or Caryatides. The 
'Perfians are fo called from a victory gained over the Per- 
fians by Paufanias, who having brought home fpoils and 
trophies to the Athenians, they fixed upon Pertian figures 
for thofe which fltould fupport entablatures, and thus kept 
in mind that there were once Perfian (laves in Athens. To 
veprefent tliefe conquered people in tlte lovveft ftate pofii- 
ble, they loaded them with the heavieft entablature, viz. 
that of the Doric order. In procefs of time, however, 
other figure's be (ides thofe of Perfians were introduced, 
and other entablaturCs.put over them ; but the name was 
ilHl retained. The proper Caryatides are women dretTed 
in long robes, after the Afiatic manner; and the origin of 
the device was as follows: The Carians had been long at 
war with the Athenians, but, being at length totally van- 
quifiied, their wives were led away captives; and, to per¬ 
petuate the memory of this event, trophies were eredted, 
in which figures of women dretTed in the Caryatic manner, 
were ufed to fupport entablatures like the Perfians ; and, 
though other female figures were afterwards ttfed in the 
fame manner, the name of Caryatides was always retained. 
The ancients made frequent ufe of Perfians and Carya¬ 
tides, and delighted in diverfifying them a thoufand ways. 
The modern arthts have followed their example ; and there 
is a great variety of compofitions of this kind to be met 
with in different parts of Europe. The Caryatides, or 
fgmale figures, fiiould never much exceed the human (ize. 
But the Perfians, or male figures, may be of any (ize ; and 
the iarger the better, as they will ftrike the beholder with 
the greater awe and aftonifhment. Perfians may be ufed 
with propriety in arfenals, galleries of armour, &c. under 
the figures of captives, heroic virtues, &c. Their enta¬ 
blature ought to be Doric, and bear the fame proportion 
to them as tp columns of the fame height. The entabla¬ 
ture for Caryatides ought to be either Ionic or Corinthian, 
according as the character of the figures is more or Ids 
delicate. 
Termini ate fometimes employed, inftead of Perfians or 
Caryatides, to fupport the entablatures of monuments, 
chimney-pieces, and fuch-Jike compofitions. Thefe figures 
owe their origin to the fiones ufed by the ancients to mark 
the limits of particular polTelTions. Nuraa Pompilius, to 
render thefe inviolable, confecrated the terminus into a 
deity, and inftituted feftivals and facrifices to his honour. 
In a fiiort time, what was formerly only large upright 
fiones, were reprefented in human fhape ; and afterwards 
introduced as ornaments to temples and other buildings. 
The termini are now principally tiled as ornaments for 
gardens and fields. 
Of the SACRED BUILDINGS of the ANCIENTS. 
Of all the buildings erefted by the ancients, thofe fa- 
cred to their deities remain mod perfect, and in the greateft 
number. Indeed, confidering the polytheifm of their re- 
ii<non, (the Greeks are reported to have had 30,000 gods, 
nor were the Roman deities lefs numerous,) and how much 
men and nations vied in endeavouring to (hew the greatefi 
liberality in erecting buildings to the honour of their tu¬ 
telar deities, or when they had vowed worfhip and homage 
to any particular one ; and further, when we confider what 
variety of opportunities offered to (hew honour, to exhibit 
fplendour, and to difplay liberality, we need not be fiir- 
prifed at the great number of fucred edifices (fill remain¬ 
ing : indeed they are fo many, and of fuch magnificence, 
as chiefly to abforb the traveller’s attention; the remains 
of other public firuCtures being but few. We (hall there¬ 
fore fii fi (peak of the temples, or facred buildings, of the 
ancients, and then of their manfion-houfes and villas. 
.Sacred buildings, or temples, differ in their various fi¬ 
gures and afpedls. Of the fivfi order is the Antis; 2i\y, 
the Projiyle ; 3d!}', the Amphiprojlyle ; 4thly, the Peripteral ; 
51h 1 y, the PfeudodipteraT, 6thly, the Dipteral-, and, 7thly, 
the flypxthral ; which are difiinguifhed thus : The edifice 
or temple is called antics, when it has in the front antse, or 
pilafiers, at the corners of the wall which forms the cell; 
and between the pilafiers, in the middle two columns, 
which fupport the pediment or porch ; of which examples 
are in the three temples of Fortune, the one r.earefi the 
Colline-gate. The projiyle is the fame as the antis, only 
columns are added oppofite the pilafiers or antse of each 
corner, which fupport a chapiter or architrave, the fame 
as in the antis: an example of this" manner is the temples 
of Jupiter and Faunus, in the file of Tyber. The am- 
pkiprojiyle is the fame as the preceding, only a poftern or 
bad: front (pojlicicni) is added, with columns and pediment, 
the fame as to the proftyle. The peripteral lias in the front 
and hinder porch (pojlicum) fix columns, and eleven, count-; 
iiig the corner ones, on each fide. And thefe columns are 
fo"placed, that the fpace of an intercolumniation fiiall be 
left between the wall and the outer range of columns, 
leaving an ambulatory round the cell of the edifice : as in 
the gate of Metellus, the temple of Jupiter Stator defigned 
by Hermodius; and that founded by Mariana to Honour 
and Virtue, built by Mutius, and wants the hinder porch. 
To the pfeudodipteral, the columns are fo placed, that in 
the front and behind there are eight columns, and on each 
fide, counting the corner ones, fifteen; and the walls of 
tire cell muft correfpond, or run parallel with the four cen¬ 
tre columns, both‘before and behind: there muft be the 
fpace of two intercolumniations, and the thicknefs of one 
column between the walls and the outer columns. Of this 
order Rome affords no example ; but at Magnefia, the 
temple of Diana, by Hermogines Alabandin ; ar.d that of 
Apollo, built by Amnefta, .are examples. The dipteral 
is odloftyle or eight-columned, both before and behind; 
but it has a double row of columns round the cell, as in 
the temple of Jupiter Qmrinns of the Doric order, and 
the Ionic temple of Diana at Ephefus, built by Ctefiphon. 
The hypa.th.ral is decaftyle or ten-columned, both before 
and behind : the other parts are the fame as the dipteral, 
but within it has a double row of columns, one above the 
other all round, refembling a porch, which is called a pe- 
riftyle : the middle lias no roof; it has folding doors both 
before and behind. We have no example of this at Rome; 
but Athens has one, the temple of Jupiter Olympus, which 
is oilofiyle or eight-columned. 
1 here are alfo round temples, of which fome are mo- 
nopteral, without cells, and built'on columns : the other is 
called peripteral. Thofe without cells have a tribunal or 
throne, and are afeended by fieps of one third of the dia¬ 
meter of the temple ; the columns, placed on pedefials, 
are as high as the diameter of the temple, taken at the 
outer fide of the pedefials; their thicknefs is one-tenth 
part of the height of'the (haft and capital; the height of 
the architrave is half the diameter of the column; the 
frize, and other ornaments above, may be according to the 
general rule. The peripteral is built with an afeent of two 
fieps, on which the pedefials of the columns are placed; 
the wall of the cell is diftant one-fifth part of the diame¬ 
ter of the temple from the pedefials of the columns; in 
the middle is left a fpace for folding doors; the diameter 
of the inner part of the cell muft be equal to the height 
of a column without the pedellal; the columns round the 
cell are placed with fuitable proportion and fymmetry. 
The enclofure in the middle is thus proportioned : one 
diameter of the whole building for its height; half is for 
the cupola, exclufive of a flower on the top of the pyra¬ 
mid : the (ize of the flower (hall be the fame as a capital 
of the columns; the other parts may be according to the 
proportions already written. 
By the fame general proportions other kind of temples 
are built, but have different difpofitions of their parts; as 
tlie temple of C aft or in tlie Circus of Flaminius, and the 
temple of Vejovius between the two groves; alfo the 
temple 
