A R C H 1 T 
temple of Diana of the groves; where the columns are add¬ 
ed on both (ides the walls of the porch. This kind of build¬ 
ing was fil'd: ufed in the temple of Minerva within the 
acropolis or citadel at Athens, and in the temple of Pallas, 
at Sunium, in Attica. They have the fame proportions 
as the others ; for the cell is in length double its breadth, 
and the fame rule is followed for the Tides as for the fronts. 
Some there are who ufe the Tufcan difpo/ition of the co¬ 
lumns, although they are of the Corinthian or Ionic orders. 
To temples, whole walls with the antae project to form 
a porch, two columns are placed oppolite the walls which 
form the cell; thus blending the Tufcan and Greek man¬ 
ners. Again, others by removing,the walls of the cell, 
and placing them between the intercolumniation, leave a 
very large fpace w ithin the cell; the other parts preferve 
the fame portion and fymmetry. Thus has arifen a new 
order, which is called pfiudodipteral ; and this kind is par¬ 
ticularly ufeful for facrifices. The fame kind of temple 
cannot be made to every god, bccaufe of the diverfity of 
the ceremonies to be performed. 
The elegance and magnificence of a dru ft lire depending 
very much on the proper placing of the columns, we (hall 
add the rules laid down by Vitruvius, as obferved by the 
ancients, and allowed by the moderns, in the difpolition 
of columns, called by that writer the Jive fpecies of build¬ 
ing ; which are as follow : id, the Pycnojlyle, that is,- thick 
of columns; 2d, the Syjlyle, that are a little wider ; 3d, 
the Diajtyle, fill wider; 4th, the Araeojlyle, more cl i ft a n t 
than is proper; and 5th, the Eujfyle, which is the proper 
diftance. 
To the pycnojlylc, the difiance of the intercolumniation 
is one diameter and a half of the column; as in the tem¬ 
ple of the divine Julius; the temple of Venus in Caefar’s 
Forum, and many others after the fame manner. The 
JyJiyle has two diameters of the column between the inter¬ 
columniation, and the plinths of the bafe are equal to the 
fpace which is between two plinths; as in the temple of 
Fortuna Equeftris, near the Stone Theatre; and others 
made after the fame proportions. Both thefe forts are in¬ 
convenient ; for the ladies, when entering the temple to 
worfiiip, cannot pafs the columns arm in arm, unlefs they 
go Tideways: alfo, by the frequency of the columns, the 
view of the door, and the figns or trophies of the deity, 
are hid, and the narrownefs of the porch is inconvenient 
for walking. The diajlyle has this diftribution, viz. three 
diameters of the columns between the intercolumniations, 
as in the temple of Apollo and Diana. This has its in¬ 
conveniences; becaufe the architrave, on account of the 
diftance between the columns, is liable to break. In the 
araojiyle they ufe neither ftone nor marble, but make the 
beams of durable timber. This kind of building is drag¬ 
gling and heavy, low and broad. The pinnacles are ge¬ 
nerally ornamented with fictile or earthen-ware, or brafs 
gilt after the Tufcan manner, as in the Circus Maximus at 
the temple of Ceres, and in Pompey’s temple of Hercu¬ 
les, and alfo in the Capitol. The cujlyle manner, for its 
ufefttlnefs, beauty, and durability, merits every commen¬ 
dation. It is formed by allowing to the diftance of the 
intercolumniations two diameters and a quarter, and to the 
middle intercolumniation only, both before and behind, 
three diameters. Thus the figure has a beautiful afpeef, 
is acceffible without impediment, and round the cell is a 
ftately ambulatory. The rule is this : the front of the 
building of it is tetraftyle (four columns), is divided into 
eleven parts and a half, without reckoning the projection 
of the bafe of the column. If it is hexaftyle (fix columns), 
it is divided into eighteen parts. If it is oCtaftyle (eight 
columns), it is divided into twenty-four parts and a half. 
Of thefe parts, one, whether the building be tetraftyle, 
hexaftyle, or odtaftyle, fliall be a module, which is to be 
the thicknefs of a column. Each intercolumniation, ex¬ 
cept the middle one, muft be two modules and a quarter; 
the middle one (hall have three modules both before and 
behind; the height of the columns fhall be eight modules 
and a half; by this divilion of the intercolumniation, the 
Vol. II. No. 58. 
E C T U R E. 73 
columns have a juft proportion. Rome affords no exam¬ 
ple of this kind ; blit at Teosin Alia is one, the temple 
of Bacchus, which is odlaftyle. 
Hermogenes was the firft inventor of thefe proportions; 
he alfo firft ufed the odtaftyle pleudodipteral; he firft con¬ 
trived to take away, without injuring the beauty, the in¬ 
terior range of columns in the dipteral (which are thirty- 
four), thereby very much decrealing both the labour and 
expence: this alfo gave a very large ambulatory round 
the cell, and, without miffing the fuperfiuity, preferved 
the majefty of the whole ; for the walls and the columns 
w-ere thus firft difpofed, that the view, on account of the 
afperity (ajperitas) of the intercolumniation, fhould have 
more majefty; befides, it has this convenience, of fhelter- 
ing a great many perfons from rain, as well round as with¬ 
in the cell, which includes a great fpace. This difpoli- 
tion of pfeudodipterai buildings was fi; ft difeovered by 
the labour of the great and difeerning fpirit of Herrno- 
genes; which, like a fountain, will ferve pofterity from 
whence to draw, rules for the fcience of architecture. 
The columns to the araeoftyle fhould have for their thick¬ 
nefs one-eighth part of their height. For the diaftyle, the 
height of the column is to be divided into eight parts and 
a half; one part for the thicknefs of the column. For 
the fyftyle, the height fhall be divided into nine parts and 
a half; one part for the thicknefs of the column. Alfo 
for the pycnoftyle, the height fliall be divided into ten 
parts; one part for the thicknefs of the column. The 
euftyle alfo is divided into eight parts and a half,' the fame 
as the diaftyle: one part is given for the thicknefs of the 
column ; and for the folidity of its parts it fliall have its 
proper intercolumniation. As the fpace between the co¬ 
lumns increafes, fo ought alfo the thicknefs of the columns. 
If it is arasoftyle, and they fhould only have a ninth or 
tenth part for their thicknefs, they will then appear tall 
and (lender, on account of the length of the intervals ; for 
the aide will in appearance diminifti the thicknefs of the 
columns. On the contrary, if it is pycnoftyle, and the 
columns have an eighth part for their thicknefs, they have 
a clnmfy and ungraceful appearance, on account of the 
frequency of the columns, and the narrownefs of the in¬ 
tervals : for this reafon, the fymmetry and proportion of 
eacli order fhould be attended to. Alfo the thicknefs of 
the corner columns muft be increafed one-fiftieth part; 
for, by the great furrounding fpace, they will appear (mail¬ 
er to the view, and it is neceflary art fhould rectify this 
defedt of vilion. 
For the diminution of the (haft of a column, tire fol¬ 
lowing rule may be obferved : if the fhaft of a column is 
fifteen feet high, the diameter of the lower part is divided 
into fix parts; five of which are for the top diameter. If 
columns are from fifteen to twenty feet high, the lower 
diameter is divided into fix parts and a half; five and a 
half of which are for the top diameter. If columns are 
from twenty to thirty feet high, the lower diameter is di¬ 
vided into (even parts ; fix of which are for the top dia¬ 
meter. If columns are from thirty to forty feet high, the 
lower diameter is divided into feven parts and a half; fix 
and a half of which are for the top diameter. If columns 
are from forty to fifty feet high, the lower diameter is di¬ 
vided into eight parts; feven of which are for the top di¬ 
ameter. If any are higher than thofe mentioned, they 
fliall have the fame proportions for their diminution. An 
additional thicknefs is properly given, on account of the 
increafed height; for, as the eye is attra&ed by beauty, it 
is neceflary it fhould be flattered by the pleafure it receives 
from proportionate and juft diftribution of parts, as it is 
when deceived by judicious additions ; elfe the whole will 
have a bulky and inelegant efifedt. 
At what period, 'or by what nation of heathens, tem¬ 
ples were firft eredted, does not appear. The Perfians did 
not judge the gods to be, of human fhape, (as did the 
Greeks,) therefore had no temples, thinking it abfurd to 
confine the gods within walls, whofe houfe and temple 
confided of the whole world. Mount Ida was remarka- 
U ble 
