A R C H I T 
barons, archbifhops, biffiops, abbots, priors, reflors, pref- 
byters, and clerks, and to all true believers in Chrift, rich, 
and poor, in all Chriftian kingdoms. To make the utmoft 
ufe of this bull, he lent two of his mod eloquent monks 
to proclaim it over France and Flanders, two other monks 
into Scotland, two into Denmark and Norway, two into 
Wales, Cornwall, and Ireland, and others into different 
parts of England. “ By this means (fays the hiftorian) 
the wonderful benefits granted to all the contributors to 
the building of this church were publifiied to the very ends 
of the earth ; and great heaps of treafure and malfes of 
yellow metal flowed in from all countries upon the vene¬ 
rable abbot Joffred, and encouraged him to lay the foun¬ 
dation of his church.” Having fpent about four years in 
collecting mountains of different kinds of marble from 
quarries both at home and abroad, together with great 
quantities of lime, iron, brafs, and other materials for 
building, he fixed a day for the great ceremony of laying 
the foundation, which he contrived to make a very effec¬ 
tual mean of raifing the fiiperftruflure. For, on the long- 
expefted day, the feaft of the holy virgins Felicitas and 
Perpetua, an immenfe multitude of earls, barons, and 
knights, with their ladies and families, of abbots, priors, 
monks, nuns, clerks, and perfons of all ranks, arrived at 
Croyland, to affift at this ceremony. The pious abbot 
began by faying certain prayers, and (bedding a flood of 
tears on the foundation. Then each of the earls, barons, 
knights, with their ladies, fons, and daughters, the abbots, 
clerks, and others, laid a ffone, and upon it depofited a 
fum of money, a grant of lands, tithes, or patronages, or 
a promife of ffone, lime, wood, labour, or carriages, for 
building the church. After this the abbot entertained the 
whole company, amounting to 5000 perfons, at dinner. 
To this entertainment they were all entitled ; for the mo¬ 
ney, and grants of different kinds, which they had depo¬ 
fited on the foundation ftones, were alone fufficient to have 
raifed a very noble fabric. There are yet remaining at 
Croyland, magnificent ruins of this venerable ftrudfure, 
fufficient to form an idea of its former grandeur. The 
timber's were of Iriflr oak, finely carved and gilt; and 
pieces of it are to be found in almoff every houfe at Croy¬ 
land. It was converted into a garrifon for troops during 
the civil war; and its roof fell in about eighty years ago. 
By fuch arts as the above, the clergy infpired kings, nobles, 
and people of all ranks, with fo ardent a fpirit for thefe 
pious works, that almoff all the facred edifices in England 
were re-built, and many hundreds of new ones raifed from 
the foundation. 
We fliall now enumerate the principal buildings that 
were eredled in this kingdom, from the beginning of the 
Danifh monarchy, to wit, the year 1017, unto the reign of 
James 1 . when Inigo Jones lived, who was the firft builder 
that introduced the Grecian architecture into England. 
In the time of the Danifli government, which continued 
but twenty-fix years, Canute ereCted the church of A(h- 
don in Effex, the abbey of St. Bennet in Norfolk, and a 
(lately church and monaffery at St. Edmundlbury ; but 
Hardicanute, the third and laft Daniffi king, inftead of eredl- 
ing buildings to his memory, burnt the city of Worcefier. 
King Edward, called the Confeflor, came to the crown in 
the year 1041, and died in 1065; about which time the 
prefent cathedral of Gloucefter was begun. This king 
re-built the church of St. Peter at Weftminfter, and a con¬ 
vent adjoining, which Segbert had before erefted, and was 
afterwards deffroyed by the Danes ; he alfo new-built St. 
Margaret’s church at Weftminfter where it now (lands ; 
before which time it flood adjoining to the fouth cloifter of 
the old abbey, part of which is now (landing; and, as it 
is reafonable to believe, that that building was likewife 
erefted by Segbert, at the time when he built the church 
of St. Peter, or very foon afterward, the remains which 
now are (landing muff be upwards of 1100 years old. 
In the reign of William the Conqueror, who began in 
the year 1066, and died in 1087, the abbeys at Battel in 
Suffex, at Selby in Yorkfhire, at St. Saviour’s in South- 
Vol. II. No. 59. 
E C T U R E. Si 
wark; the priory of St. Nicholas at Exeter; and the town 
of Newcallle-upon-Tyne; were founded : the foundation 
of old St. Paul’s, cathedral was re-laid,.after having been 
burnt by lightning; the White Tower of the Tower ot 
London in 1078, the minder at York, after having been 
burnt by the Danes ; the caftlesat Durham, Oxford, Exe¬ 
ter, Cardiff', Nottingham, York, Lincoln, Huntingdon, 
Cambridge, and the cathedral and caftle of Hereford, were 
all built; the caftle of Warwick repaired; and, in 1193, 
tire prefent cathedral at Durham was begun. 
hi the reign of William II. furnamed Rufus, who fuc- 
ceeded his father, and died in iico, the abbeys at Shrewf- 
bury, Merton in Surry, Lewes in Suffex, the ho(pital of 
St. Leonard at York, the monaffery at Norwich, the ca¬ 
thedral of Old Sarum, and Univerfity-college in Oxford, 
were founded. The cathedral churches of Lincoln and 
Winchefter were begun; the abbey at Wenlock, a fort at 
Newcaftle, a new wall about the tower of London, and a 
great hall or palace at Weftminfter (270 feet in length and 
feventy feet in breadth), were all built. The city of Car- 
liffe, with its caftle, which ‘had been deftroyed by the 
Danes, and laid 200 years in ruins, was re-built. London- 
bridge was alfo re-built with timber, and the abbey of St. 
Alban’s, and the church at Rochelier, were repaired ; and 
a great many caftles were built. 
In the reign of Henry I. who began in the year 1100, 
and died in 1135, the cathedral church of Exeter, the 
church of St. Mary Overy in Southwark, the new church 
and cathedral at Tewklbury ; the priories of Dunftable, 
of the Holy Trinity (now called Chrift’s Church) London, 
of St. Bartholomew and its hofpital in Smithfield, of Ke- 
nelworth, of Norton in Chefhire, of Merton, and of Ofney 
near Oxford; the abbeys of Cirencefter, Reading, Sher¬ 
borne, Cumbermere, Hyde-abbey without Winchefter, 
and of Merival in Warwickftiire; the monaffery of St. 
John at Colchefter, of St. Andrew at Northampton, and 
of Plympton in Devonfhire ; the houfe of St. John of Je- 
rtifalem near Smithfield, the college of St. Mary in the 
town of Warwick, and the hofpitals of Kepar, and of St. 
Crofs near Winchefter; were all founded. The priory of 
St. James in Briftol ; the caftles of Briftol, Banbury, 
Malmefbury, Sherborne, Windfor, and Baynard in Lon¬ 
don; the Devizes in Wilts; and the ffone bridges at Bow 
and Stratford in Effex (which were the fil'd ffone bridges 
in England) ; were all built. The abbey at Keynffiam, 
the cathedral at Ely, the cathedral at Llandaff, and the 
caftle at Norham on the banks of the Tweed, were begun. 
In the reign of king Stephen, who began in the year 
1135, and died in 1154, Briftol cathedral, was built; the 
abbeys of Leicefter, of Cogftiali in Effex, of Forneys in 
Lancalhire, of Harquilers and Fcverfharn in Kent, ot Strat¬ 
ford-Langthorn near London, of Boxley in Kent, of Nun¬ 
eaton in Warwickftiire, of Filtey, of Rieval, of Newbury, 
of Beeland, and of Kirkflead in Yorkfhire, with many 
others, were founded ; fo that more abbeys (faith Baker) 
were erefled in this king’s reign than had been in the 
fpace of one hundred years before. At Highani jn Kent, 
a houfe for black nuns, and at Carevv, a houfe for white 
nuns, were alfo founded ; and the hofpital of St. Kathe¬ 
rine by the Tower was new built; as was likewife the 
cathedral church of Litchfield. 
In the reign of Henry II. who began in the year U54, 
and died in 1189, the abbey of Bordefiy, and Wigmore 
abbey, the priories of Dover, of Stoney, and of Bafinwork, 
and the caftle at Rudland, and the (tone bridge at London, 
were all founded. The monaffery of St. Augiiftine in 
Briftol, of Gorendon, of Leicefter, (called St. Mary de 
Pratis,) of Eaton, and at Gloucefter ; the caftle of Anger 
in Effex, and a new timber bridge at London, were all 
built: in the year 1174, the prelent cathedral at Canter¬ 
bury was begun ; and in 1181, the Temple church in Lon¬ 
don was finiftied; and in 1183 the bifhop of Canterbury’s 
palace at Lambeth was begun. 
In the reign of Richard I. who began in the year 1189, 
and died in 1199, the Tower wall was new built, and the 
Y ditch 
