82 
ARCHITECTURE, 
ditch made about it; the prefeint cathedral at Chichefter 
was built; a monaftery at Wert: Dereham in Norfolk was 
founded; another was begun at Wolverhampton in Staft’ord- 
fhire, and the collegiate church at Lambeth was finifhed. 
In the reign of king John, who began in the year 1199, 
and died in 1216, the abbeys of Beaulieu in the New Forert 
in flamplhire, and of the black monks in Winchefter, the 
monartery of Farringdon, and of Hales-Owen in Shrop¬ 
shire, were founded; Godftale and Wraxall re-edified; 
the chapel at Knare{borough enlarged, and the {tone bridge 
at London finilhed. 
In the reign of Henry HI. who began in the year 1216, 
and died in 1272, the fublime and {lately cathedral of New 
Sarum, with a great number of abbeys, and St. Peter’s 
college in Cambridge, and Balio! college in Oxford, were 
founded. In the year 1220, this king began the new work 
of our Lady’s chapel at Weftminfter, where the chapel of 
Henry VII. now (lands, and laid the firft llone himfelf. 
Jn the year 1245, he caufed the walls and lleeple of the 
old church of St. Peter at Wertminfter, built by Edward 
the Confeflor, to be taken down ; and, enlarging the church, 
caufed it to be new built with greater magnificence; which 
to effect, was the work of the next fifty years ; at which 
time its weft end came no further than the firft columns 
weft from the choir ; all the part from thence, together 
with the two old towers, having been built iince, at the 
expence of the abbots of.Weftminfter. In the year 1222, 
the tower and fpire of St. Paul’s, which, bad been burnt 
down in 1087, was new built; the (lone tower was 260 feet 
from the ground to the top of the battlements, the height 
of the fpire above the battlements was 260 feet more, 
making 520 feet altitude, exclufive of the ball and crofs, 
which was near twenty feet more. A matchlefs ftrupture, 
greatly exceeding the height of all buildings that have 
been fince raifed in this kingdom. The Savoy was alfo 
built about the year 1245 ; and Salisbury cathedral finilhed 
in 1258. In 1260, the curious inlaid floor or pavement, 
yet remaining, of jafper, porphyry, Lydian, touchftone, 
alabafter, and ferpentine, (tones, was made before the high 
altar in Wertminfter abbey, at the expence of Richard de 
Ware, an abbot of Wertminfter. 
In the reign of Edward I. who began in the year 1272, 
and died in 1307, Carnarvon caftle and Barnard caftie 
were built; the abbey of Vale Royal in Cheftiire, of the 
Cilteaux order, and Merton college in Oxford, were found¬ 
ed. Baliol college in Oxford, and the church of St. Peter 
at Wertminfter were finiftied. In the reign of Edward II. 
who fucceeded, and died in 1327, Oriel college, St. Mary 
hall in Oxford, and a church of friers in his manor of 
Langley, were founded. 
In the reign of Edward III. who began in the year 1327, 
and died in 1377, Lancafter caftle was built; the Eaft- 
minfter, (an abbey of the Cifteaux order,) near the tower 
of London; Clare hall, Trinity hall, and Pembroke hall, 
with the colleges of St. Bennet or Corpus Chrifti, and 
Gonville or Cains, in Cambridge ; Queen’s college, Exe¬ 
ter college, New college, Hart hall, and Canterbury col¬ 
lege, in Oxford ; the college of Cobham in Kent, and the 
Charter-houfe near Smithfield; were all founded. The 
chapel of St. Stephen at Weftminfter, (which is now the 
Houfe of Commons,) and St. Michael’s church, near 
Crooked-lane, London, were built; the chapel at Wind for 
augmented, and the caftle re-edified; and the beautiful 
church of St. Michael, in Coventry, was begun. In this 
reign, abbot Nicholas Litlington built the hall, Jerufalem 
chamber, and the fouth and weft fide of the great cloifter, 
adjoining to Wertminfter abbey ; with the granary and an 
adjoining tower, which was afterwards made the dormitory 
for the king’s fcholars. 
In the reign of Richard II. who began in the year 1377, 
and died in 1399, Trinity hall in Cambridge, and Weft- 
tninfter hall, with its (lately porch, were rebuilt; and the 
weftern part of Winchefter cathedral was alfo rebuilt by 
William of Wykeham. In the reign of Henry IV. who 
iuccceded, and died in 1413, a college at Battlefield in 
Shropftiire, a college at Pomfret, and St. Mary’s college 
in Winchefter, were all founded. The guildhall in Lon¬ 
don was begun in the year 1411 ; the ftone bridge at Ro- 
cheller, and Newgate in London, were built; the laft by 
Richard Whittington, the lord-mayor; and in the reign 
of Henry V. who began in the year 1413, and died in 1422, 
Bernard’s and Ali-Souls .colleges in Oxford were founded. 
In the reign of Henry VI. who began in the year 1422, 
and died in 1460, King’s college, Qmeen’s college, and 
Catherine hall, at Cambridge ; Eton college near Wind- 
for ; Lincoln college, and St. Mary Magdalen college, in 
Oxford ; were all founded. The prefent cathedral at Chefter 
was begun ; and the divinity-fehool in Oxford, the college 
of Tatiliall in Lincolnlhire, and Leadenhall in London, 
were built. In the reign of Edward IV. who began in 
the year 1460, and died in 1483, the great church of St. 
Mary in Cambridge was founded ; and he alfo laid the 
foundation of the new chapel at Windfor. London-v.-all 
was built from Cripplegate to Biftiopfgate, and Bifiiopf- 
gatc was rebuilt alfo. In the reign of Edward V. and of 
Richard III. which began in the year 1483, and ended in 
1485, no buildings of note were-ereCled. 
In the reign of Henry VII. who began in the year 1485, 
and died in 1509, John Iflip, an abbot of Weftminfter, in the 
year 1300, built the deanery of Weftminfter, and fet up the 
ftatues of all the kings and queens who had been benefac¬ 
tors to that church. The chapel of our Lady, built at 
Weftminfter by Henry III. was taken down in 1502, and 
a new chapel of much more confiderable dimenfions was 
begun to be built in its place with ftone, which it is laid 
was brought from Huddleftone-quarry in Yorkfnire. This 
building, v, Inch is commonly called Henry Vllth’s chapel, 
is of a very different kind of architecture from that of the 
abbey; indeed their difference is much greater than be¬ 
tween any two of the Grecian orders. It is a pity the ar¬ 
chitect of this chapel did not communicate to pofterity the 
rules by which it was credted and adorned ; it is a venera¬ 
ble edifice, which Leland calls “ the miracle of the world.'* 
In this king’s reign the abbey-church of Bath was built ; 
Chrift’s college, Jefus college, and St. John’s college, at 
Cambridge ; and the fchool of St. Paul’s, London, were 
all founded. 
In the reign of Henry VIII. who began in the year 1509, 
and died in 1547, Magdalen and Trinity colleges at Cam¬ 
bridge ; and Chrift-church college, Brazen-nofe college, 
and Corpus Chrifti college, at Oxford; were founded: 
Ilampton-court, and Whitehall, (then called York-place,} 
and Coventry-crofs, were all b-uilt. In the- reign of Ed¬ 
ward VI. who began in the year 1547, and died in 155.3, 
Somerfet-houfe was built by the duke of Somerfet, in 1549. 
In the reign of Mary, who began in the year 1553, and 
died in 1558, St. John’s college, and Trinity college, in 
Oxford, were built; and the beautiful Gothic tower of 
St. Mary’s church at Derby was ereCted. 
In the reign of queen Elizabeth, who began in the year 
1558, and died in 1603, Sidney-S.uffex college, and Ema¬ 
nuel college, in Cambridge, were founded ; and Jefus col¬ 
lege, and the public library at Oxford, were built, and 
furniflied. In the reign of James I. who began in the year 
1603, and died in 1625, Wadham college, and Pembroke 
college, Oxford ; Hicks’s hall near Smithfield-bars, and 
the banqueting-houfe at Whitehall; were built : the laft 
by Inigo Jones, who now brought the Greek and Roman 
architecture into general life in England. 
As to the (late of civil architecture during the fame 
period, the houfes of the common people in- the country, 
and of the lower burgefles in towns and cities, were very 
little improved in their (truCture, that mod numerous and 
vifcful order of men being much depreffed in the times we 
are now delineating. Even in the capital city of London, 
all the houfes of mechanics and common burgeffes were 
built of wood, and covered with draw or reeds, towards 
the end of the twelfth century. But the palaces, or rather 
caftles, of the Anglo-Norman kings, barons, and prelates, 
were very different from the reiidences of perfons of the 
fame 
