102 
A R C H I T 
Ionic, Corinthian, and Compofite, orders, have in general 
twenty-four flutes, with a fillet between each ; (the fillet 
one-third of a flute ;) in order to have that number, and 
preferve the juft proportion of a flute to a fillet, obferve 
the following rule: divide the femi-circumference, fig. 4, 
into twelve equal parts; at 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, Sec. to 1 2; divide 
any divifion into eight equal parts, as that between 5 and 6 ; 
then take three of thefe parts, and on 1, 2, 3, &c. to 12, 
as centres, deferibe arcs which are nearly femicircular, as 
in the Plate: then draw them to the column, fig. 5, and the 
work will be completed. 
To fet oft'the flutes and fillets round the column, pro¬ 
ceed in the following manner. Whether the columns be 
of ftone, or wood, the whole or any part may be fluted in 
the fame manner ; after being properly rounded, and the 
ends or joints made parallel to each other, and the centres 
of the circles at each end ; and, if they are not already 
found, cut two holes, direflly in the middle at each end 
perpendicular to the joints, fo that the centres fliould be 
in the middle of the holes ; this being done, drive in two 
pieces of wood, fo as to be quite tight in the holes, and to 
projedt out about five or fix inches; let the projecting parts 
be well rounded oft, fo as to be exactly in the middle of 
the ends; then make a diminifhing rule, as in fig. 1, of the 
foregoing Plate. To fit the curve of the column, let the 
ends of this diminifhing rule be fixed into two pieces, a b, 
ab, which are made to revolve round the pins at the ends 
by means of notches, or any other convenient way ; fo that 
the curved edge of the rule be adjufted to the curved fur- 
face_pf the column, and to play round it. To keep the 
rule from bending Tideways, fix a piece to the other fide, 
the whole length of the diminifhing rule, of a fufficient 
ftrength to keep it from bending; fo that the breadths will 
be at right angles to each other, the two end pieces and 
diminifiiing rule being faft fixed together; the whole may 
be turned round the pins at the ends as centres, like one 
entire piece : then the operation of drawing the flutes and 
fillets will be performed as follows : fuppofe it were re¬ 
quired to flute the Ionic, Corinthian, or Compofite, co¬ 
lumns ; the circumference at either end will be divided 
into fix equal parts, by taking half the diameter at that 
end, and applying it round the circumference ; then each 
of thefe divifions being divided into four, the whole cir¬ 
cumference wilL be divided-into twenty-four : in order to 
have the proportion of a flute to a fillet, as 1 to 3, divide 
any one of the laft divifions into four equal parts, and one 
of thefe parts will be the breadth of a fillet, which being 
fet oft’ from the fame fide of each divifion, the whole co¬ 
lumn will be divided into flutes and fillets; then, by turn¬ 
ing the rule round to each mark or divifion, the flutes and 
■fillets may be fet off upon the fhaft of the column with the 
greateft exadtnefs. The above method is by far the mod 
ready, as well as the mod corredl of any yet known ; and 
the inftrument or machine by which it is performed, is re- 
prefented at Jig. 6 of the foregoing Plate, a careful in- 
fpection of which will render it fufficiently plain. There 
are other methods of drawing the flutes on the fhaft of a 
column, as by drawing two parallel lines through the cen¬ 
tre at each end of the pillar, and dividing the circumfe¬ 
rences at the ends into the number of Antes and fillets, 
then bending a thin rule from the refpective divifions at 
each end ; it is neceffary however to be very careful that 
the edge of the rule touch the curved furface of the co¬ 
lumn only: but this method, however fimple, is very lia¬ 
ble to error. Another method that fome workmen make 
life of for fetting off the flutes and fillets round the fhaft 
of a column, is as follows : Let A B, in fig. .7, be any line 
divided into flutes and fillets, greater than the circumfe¬ 
rence of the column at either end; on A B, deferibe the 
equilateral triangle A B G ; draw all the divifions on A B, 
to G ; then if G C, and G D, are equal to the circumfe¬ 
rence of the column at the bottom, the line C D, will be 
equal to the fame circumference; lay a piece of parch¬ 
ment, or any thing that is pliable, on C D, and mark all 
die flutes and fillets on it, then apply this round the co~ 
E C T U R E. 
lumn at the bottom, and prick them round it; divide the 
circumference at top in the fame manner as E F, and draw 
the flutes with a thin rule as before. 
Fig. 8, is another method for marking the flutes and 
fillets round the ends of the column; the line A B, is a 
line divided into flutes and fillets, lefs than the circumfe¬ 
rence of the top part of the column ; draw any number of 
parallel lines from the divifions of A B ; let B C, B D, B E, 
be the top or bottom diametej; fet one foot of the com- 
paffes in B, apd crofs the line A F, at C D, or E ; draw 
the line C D, or E, and either will be divided into flutes 
and fillets, as before. 
To fet off the flutes and fillets on a pilafter, proceed as 
follows : Let A B ,Jig. 9, of the fame Plate, be the breadth 
of the pilafter ; draw a line from A to C ; place the com- 
paffes at any convenient opening, and divide the line into 
twenty-nine equal parts from A to C, and join C B ; then 
fet a bevel to the angle A C B, and from the divifions on 
A C, draw lines cutting A B, as is fhewn by the figure ; 
and from the divifions on A B, draw the flutes and fillets 
with a common gauge. 
To descriee the Ionic Volute. 
The volute, which is a very principal member of the 
Ionic capital, is executed in various forms. The Grecian 
volute has a double fillet winding round to its eye, which, 
by the partings or fpaces between, produces a variety of 
light and ftiade, and affords to the whole convolution ad¬ 
ditional grace and beauty. The lateft and mod approved 
method of deferibing it is as follows : divide the height 
P Q^_into feven equal parts, as reprefented in Jig. 1. of the 
annexed Plate ; upon the third divifion deferibe a circle 
about C as a centre, w iiofe diameter will be equal to one 
of the parts ; draw the fquare VWXU, and in that fquare 
draw another, whofe angles fliall touch the fides of the for¬ 
mer fquare in the middle. In order to make the conftruc- 
tion of the centres appear plain, the centre partis fhewn at 
the fide, of a larger fize ; divide C 1 and C 2 each into three 
equal parts at 9, 5 ; 10, and 6 ; divide C 10 into two equal 
parts at x, if the volute is intended to be at the right hand, 
as in this example ; but if on the left, divide C 9 into two 
equal parts, and proceed in each cafe as follows : from x 
draw the perpendicular line, cutting the fide S F of the 
fquare at D; from D make D E apd. D F equal to G 1, 
or G 2 ; join E H and F H, draw 5, 4. . 9, 8 . . 10, 11, 
and 6, 7, parallel to the perpendicular fide of the fquare, 
cutting, E H and F H, at 4, 8 . 3 . 7 . 11 ; then 1 . . 2 . . 
3. .4..5..6..7..8..9..10..11.. and 12 are the 
centres. Begin at 1, and with the radius 1 A, deferibe 
the quadrant A B, of the volute ; on 2, with the radius 
2 B, deferibe the quadrant B C ; 0113, deferibe the qua¬ 
drant C D ; proceed in this manner with all the quadrants, 
till you touch the eye at U, and it will complete one fide 
of the fillet. Then, to draw the infide of the fillet, divide 
the thicknefs of the lift A a at the top into twelve equal 
parts, by means of the fcale NOR, as follows: begin 
at N, and with any opening bf the compafs run it twelve 
times from N to O; draw OR, making any angle with 
O N ; make O R equal the thicknefs of the fillet at A a ; 
join R N, draw a 11, bio, c 9, d%, &c. parallel to R O ; 
make the thicknefs of the lift at B b, equal to a 11 ; and 
Dd, equal to b 10, Sec. at the beginning of every quadrant; 
join ab, and bifedt it by a perpendicular meeting the eye 
a little within the firft centre ; fet the fame final] diftance 
within all the other centres, and proceed -to deferibe the 
infide of the lift, in the fame manner as the outfide, and it 
will end in a point with the outfide at U ; and thus the 
volute will be completed. 
To deferibe the Angular Volute .—Divide the perpendicular 
height AB, as in Jig. 2. of the annexed Plate, into twen¬ 
ty-three equal parts; take the centre G, ten divifions from 
the bottom, or thirteen from the top; through the centre 
G draw PI I perpendicular to AB ; bifefl the angle B H I 
by the diagonal line D C ; through the firft divifion K above 
PI, on the line AB, draw K£ parallel to HI, cutting the 
