to6 A R C H I T 
ditriglyph. But the intervals between the triglyph are 
much too narrow for their height, fo as to produce an un¬ 
favourable effeCt. The other fpacesare monotriglyph, and 
are perfect. The regular intercolumniation of the Doric 
order is the monotriglyph, or pycnodyle, which admits of 
one between two columns. The ditriglyph, or eudyle, 
admits two; and the araeodyle is tritriglyph, or confitting 
of three; but the molt perfect of thefe is the ditriglyph. 
When the capitals and bales of coupled Doric columns 
have their proper projections, and are at any diltance from 
each other, the metope between them will be rather too 
wide ; but that may be avoided by confining the projec¬ 
tions, or making the triglyph one minute more than it 
really fiiould be, and placing or removing its centre a mi¬ 
nute within the axis of the column, which trifling diffe¬ 
rences will not be perceived without the nicelt examina¬ 
tion. In fmall buildings, fuch as temples and other fimi- 
lar ornaments for gardens, the intercolumniations may be 
determined without paying a flridt regard to the general 
rules for the didances of columns ; always obferving, how¬ 
ever, that fuch works mull have an interval that will ad¬ 
mit of an eafy paflage between them. 
Doric arches, without pedelials, are feven diameters and 
three-fourths high, and in width four diameters and fifteen 
minutes. The piers are two modules in front, and in 
thicknefs one module twenty-two minutes and a half; or 
in proportion to their diltance from the wall. From cen¬ 
tre to centre of each pier is fix diameters and fifteen mi¬ 
nutes. Arches of this order, with pedelials, have their 
apertures in height nine diameters and thirty minutes, and 
in their width five diameters fifteen minutes. The piers 
are two diameters and fifteen minutes wide in front, and 
from centre to centre of each is 7 diameters 15 minutes. 
With refpeCt to the intercolumniation of the Ionic, Co¬ 
rinthian, and Compofite, orders, what has been already 
oblerved on the fubjeCt will fuffice : and, as to the arches 
peculiar to each order, all that is necelfary, after what has 
been remarked on the two preceding orders, is a careful 
infpeCtion of the plates, whereon all the dimenlions are 
afeertained. 
Of ORDERS upon ORDERS, and of BASEMENTS. 
When, in a building, two or more orders are employed, 
one above another, the laws of folidity require the dronged 
ihould be placed lowermolt. Hence the Tufcan mull fup- 
port the Doric, the Doric the Ionic, the Ionic the Compo¬ 
fite or Corinthian, and the Compofite the Corinthian. This 
rule, however, is not always ftriCtly adhered to. Mod au¬ 
thors place the Compofite above the Corinthian. There 
are likewife examples where the fame order is repeated, as 
In the theatre of Statilus Taurus, and in the Colifeum; 
and others, where an intermediate order is omitted, and the 
Ionic placed on the Tufcan, or the Corinthian on the Do¬ 
ric. But none of thefe pratlices ought to be imitated. In 
placing columns above one another, the axis of all the co¬ 
lumns ought to correfpond, or be in the fame'perpendi- 
cular line, at lead: in front. 
With regard to the proportions of columns placed above 
each other, Scamozzi’s rule, That the lower diameter of 
the fuperior column Ihould conllantly be equal to the upper 
diameter of the inferior one, isuniverfally elleemed the bell, 
and gives all the columns the appearance of one long ta¬ 
pering tree, cut into leveral pieces. In this country, there 
are few examples of more than two llories of columns in 
the fame elevation; and though in Italy, and other parts 
of Europe, we frequently meet with three, and fometimes 
more, yet it is a practice by no means to be imitated; for 
there is no pollibility of avoiding many (Iriking inconfilt- 
encies, or of preferving the character of each order inits 
intercolumnial decorations. 
Inltead of employing feveral orders one above the other, 
the ground-floor is more judicioully made in the form of a 
bafement, on which the order that decorates the principal 
ftory is placed. The proportions of thefe bafements are 
not fixed, but depend on tire nature of the rooms on the 
E e T U R E. 
ground-floor. In the palace of the Porti in Vicenza, the 
height of the bafement is equal to that of the order. In 
fome buildings, its height exceeds two-thirds of that of 
the order; and, in others, only half the height of the or¬ 
der. It is not, however, advileable to make the bafement 
higher than the order it fupports : neither Ihould it be low¬ 
er than one-half of the order. 
The ufual method of decorating bafements is with nif¬ 
ties of different kinds. The belt, where neatnefs and fi- 
nilhing is aimed at, are fuch as have a fmooth lurface. 
Their height, including the joint, Ihould never be lefs, 
nor much more, than half a module of the order placed 
on the bafement. Their figure may be from a fquare to 
a fefquialtera; and their joints may be either fquare or 
chamfered. The fquare ones Ihould not be broader than 
one-eighth of the height of the rultic, nor narrower than 
one-tenth ; and their depth mull be equal to their breadth ; 
thofe that are chamfered mud form a reCtangle; and the 
breadth of the whole joint may be from one-fourth to one- 
third of the height of the flat furface of the rultic.. 
Of PEDIMENTS. 
Pediments, among the Romans, were ufed only as cover¬ 
ings to their facred buildings, till Csefar obtained leave to 
cover his houfe with a pointed roof, after the manner of 
temples. In the remains of antiquity we meet with two 
kinds of pediments, the triangular and the circular. The 
former of thefe are promifcuoully applied to cover fmall 
or large bodies: but the latter, being of a heavier figure, 
are only ufed to cover doors, niches, windows, or gates. 
Asa pediment reprefents the roof, it Ihould never be 
employed but as a finilhing to the whole compofition. The 
ancients introduced but few pediments into their buildings, 
ufually contenting themfelves with a Angle one to adorn 
the middle or principal part. But fome of the moderns, 
and particularly the Italians, have been lo immoderately 
fond of them, that their buildings frequently confilt of 
fcarcely any thing elfe. The girder being a necelfary part 
in the condruCtion of a roof, it is an impropriety to inter¬ 
mit the horizontal entablature of a pediment, by which it 
is reprefented, to make room for a niche, an arch, or a 
window. 
In regular architecture, no other form of pediments can 
be admitted befides the triangular and circular. Both of 
them are beautiful; and when a conliderable number of 
pediments are introduced, as when a range of windows are 
adorned with them, thefe two figures may be ufed alter¬ 
nately, as in the niches of the Pantheon, and in thofe of 
the temple of Diana at Nifmes. The proportion of pe¬ 
diments depends upon their fize; for the fame proportions 
will not do in all cafes. When the bafe of the pediment 
is Ihort, its height mull be increafed; and, when the pedi¬ 
ment is long, the height mull be diminilhed. The belt 
proportion for the height is from one-fifth to one-fourth 
of the bafe, according to the extent of the pediment, and 
the character of the body it covers. The materials of the 
roof mud alfo be attended to; for, if it be covered with 
tiles, it will be necelfary to raife it more than one quarter 
of the bafe, as was the cullom of the ancients in their 
Tufcan temples. The tympan is always on a line with the 
front of the frieze; and, when large, admits of various or¬ 
naments, as in the pediment to the wellern elevation of 
the temple of Minerva at Athens, which may be feen in 
Plate VIII. of Architecture. 
Of BALLUSTRADES. 
Balludrades are fometimes of real ufe in buildings; and 
at other times they are only ornamental. Such as are in¬ 
tended for ufe, as when they are employed in Hair-cafes, 
before windows, or to inclofe terraces, &c. mud always be 
nearly of the fame height; never exceeding three feet and 
a half, nor ever lefs than three. But thofe that are prin= 
cipally defigned for ornament, as when they finilh a build¬ 
ing, Ihould be proportioned to the architecture they ac¬ 
company; and their height ought never to exceed four- 
a fifths 
